| Geography Notes for UPSC |
| Universe and Solar System |
The Universe |
The Solar System |
| Formation of Planets |
Origin of Earth |
Earth and Its Properties |
| Geomagnetism |
Paleomagnetism |
Origin of the earth theories |
| Buffons Theory |
Kants Gaseous Hypothesis |
Nebular Hypothesis |
| Planetesimal Hypothesis of Chamberlin and Moulton |
Tidal Hypothesis of Jeans and Jeffreys |
Binary Star Hypothesis of Russell |
| Big Bang Theory |
Formation/Evolution of Earths Atmosphere |
Geomorphology (Physical features of the surface of the earth) |
| Sources of the Information about the Interior of Earth |
Structure of the Earth’s Interior |
Direct Sources |
| Indirect Sources |
Gravitational Force |
Magnetic Field |
| Seismic Activity (Earthquake Waves) |
Body Waves - Seismic Activity |
P - Waves |
| S - Waves |
Surface Waves |
Emergence of Shadow Zone |
| Types of Earthquakes |
Effects of Earthquake |
Different Layers of the Earth |
| Distribution of Continents and Oceans |
Continental Drift Theory - Wegener |
Convectional Current Theory - Arthur Holmes |
| Divisions of the Ocean Floor |
Concept of Seafloor Spreading |
Abyssal plains |
| Plate Tectonic Theory |
Important Major Plates |
Types of Plate Boundaries |
| Movement of the Indian Plate |
Minerals and Rocks |
Major Minerals |
| Metallic Minerals |
Non-Metallic Minerals |
Types of Rocks |
| Igneous Rocks |
Sedimentary Rocks |
Metamorphic Rocks |
| Rock Cycle |
Geomorphic Processes |
Endogenic Processes |
| Slow Movements (Diastrophism) |
Orogenic processes |
Forces of Compression - Orogenic processes |
| Folding - Fold Mountains |
Forces of Tension - Orogenic processes |
Faulting - Fault Mountains |
| Epeirogenic processes |
Sudden Movements |
Earthquake and volcanoes |
| Exogenic Processes |
Denudational Processes |
Chemical Weathering |
| Physical Weathering |
Biological Weathering |
Significance of Weathering |
| Mass Movements |
Solifluction |
Soil Formation Processes |
| Types of Volcanoes |
Active Volcanoes |
Dormant Volcanoes |
| Extinct Volcanoes |
Volcanic Materials |
Distribution of Volcanoes around the Globe |
| Acidic Lava |
Basic Lava |
Theory of Isostacy |
| Geomorphological agents |
Running Water as Geomorphological agent |
Ground Water as Geomorpholigcal agent |
| Sinkholes, Doline, Uvalas, Lapies, Caves - Groundwater Erosional Landforms |
Sinkholes |
Doline |
| Uvalas |
Lapies |
Stalactites, Stalagmites, Pillars - Groundwater Depositional Landforms |
| Glaciers as Geomorpholigcal agent |
Cirque/ Corrie, Glacial Trough, Hanging Valley, Arete, Horn, D. Fjord - Glacier Erosional Landforms |
Outwash Plain, Eskers, Kame Terraces, Drumlin, Kettle Holes, Moraine - Glacial Depositional Landforms |
| Waves and Currents as Geomorpholigcal agent |
Erosional Landforms - Chasms, Wave- Cut Platform, Sea Cliff, Sea Caves, Sea Arches, Hanging Valleys - Waves and Currents |
Depositional Landforms - Beach, Bar, Barrier, Spit and Hook, Tombolos |
| Wind as a Geomorphic agent |
Wind Erosional Landforms - Pediments, Pediplains, Playas, Deflation Hollows & Caves, Mushroom Rocks, Table and Pedestal Rocks |
Wind Depositional Landforms - Barchan, Seif, Parabolic, Transverse, Longitudinal |
| Mushroom Rocks |
Playas |
Classification of Mountains |
| Classification of Mountains on the basis of Height |
Oceanic Mountains |
Inland Mountains |
| Coastal Mountains |
Classification of Mountains on the Basis of Mode of Origin |
Tectonic mountains |
| Fold Mountains |
Block Mountains |
Dome Mountains |
| Circum-erosional/ Relict Mountains |
Classification of Mountains On the Basis of Period of Origin |
Plateau and its Types |
| Intermontane Plateaus |
Lakes and Its Types |
Tectonic lakes |
| Volcanic lakes |
Glacial lakes |
Drainage Systems |
| Indian Drainage Systems |
Types of Drainage Pattern |
Dendritic Drainage Pattern |
| Parallel Drainage Pattern |
Trellis Drainage Pattern |
Rectangular Drainage Pattern |
| Radial Drainage Pattern |
Centripetal Drainage Pattern |
Deranged Drainage Pattern |
| Annular Drainage Pattern |
Climatology |
Atmosphere |
| Composition of the Atmosphere |
Structure of the Atmosphere |
Troposphere |
| Tropopause |
Stratosphere |
Stratopause |
| Mesosphere |
Mesopause |
Thermosphere |
| Insolation and Heat Budget |
Distribution of Insolation |
Heat Budget and the Atmosphere |
| Albedo of the earth |
Elements of Weather and Climate |
Temperature - Elements of Weather and Climate |
| Distribution of Temperature |
Factors Influencing Temperature |
Inversion of Temperature |
| Evaporation |
Precipitation |
Latent heat of Condensation |
| Humidity and Types of Humidity |
Clouds and Classification of Clouds |
Rainfall and its Types |
| Convectional Rainfall |
Global Distribution of Rainfall |
Cyclones |
| Temperate Cyclones |
Tropical Cyclone |
Anticyclones |
| Gravitational Force |
Tornado |
Forms of Precipitation Snow - Drizzle, Hail, Small Hail, Sleet, Sunshower |
| Pressure - Elements of Weather and Climate |
Distribution of Air Pressure and Pressure Belts |
Shifting of Pressure Belts |
| Pressure Gradient and Air Circulation |
Wind Direction and Related Laws |
Tricellular Meridional Circulation of the Atmosphere |
| World Pressure Belts |
Winds - Elements of Weather and Climate |
Pressure Gradient Force - Factors Affecting Wind Movement |
| Coriolis Force - Factors Affecting Wind Movement |
Frictional Force - Factors Affecting Wind Movement |
Types of Winds |
| Primary Winds |
Trade winds (Easterlies) |
Northeast trade winds |
| Southeast trade winds |
Polar Easterlies |
Westerlies |
| Roaring forties |
Seasonal Winds |
Monsoon Winds |
| Secondary Winds |
Tertiary Winds |
Local Winds |
| Hot Winds |
Foehn |
Loo |
| Chinook |
Cold Winds |
Mistral |
| Bora |
Blizzard |
Levanter |
| Pampero |
Buran |
Types of Climate |
| Equatorial Rain Forest Climate |
Savannah Climate |
Hot Desert Climate |
| Mid-latitude Desert Climates |
Mediterranean Climate |
China Type |
| Steppe Climate |
British Type of Climate |
Taiga Type of Climate |
| Tundra |
Oceanography |
Divisions of Oceanic floors |
| Temperature and Density of Ocean Water |
Salinity - Oceanography |
Movement of Ocean Water |
| Formation of Waves |
Formation of Tides |
Types of Tides -Semi-Diurnal Tide, Diurnal Tide, Mixed Tide |
| Spring Tides |
Neap Tides |
Importance of Tides |
| Difference Between Tides and Oceanic Current |
Oceanic Currents - Characteristics and Primary Forces that Influence Oceanic Currents |
Types of Ocean Currents on the Basis of Depth and Temperature |
| Cold Currents - Types of Ocean Currents |
California Current |
Humboldt Current |
| Labrador Current |
Canaries Current |
Benguela Current |
| Falkland Current |
West Australian Current |
Okhotsk Current |
| Warm Currents - Types of Ocean Currents |
West Wind Drift |
Gulf Stream |
| North Atlantic Drift |
Equitorial Countercurrent |
South Equatorial Current |
| Brazil Current |
Mozambique Current |
Japan Current |
| East Australian Current |
Effects of Ocean Currents |
Indian Geography |
| Geography as a Discipline |
Minor Relief of Ocean Floor |
Earthquake, Body Waves, Causes & Types |
| Motions of the Earth |
Composition of Atmosphere |
Climate, Vegetation, and Wildlife of India |
| Continental Drift Theory |
General circulation of Atmosphere |
Temperate Cyclones |
| Volcanoes |
Atmospheric Pressure |
Weather, Climate and Its Changes |
| Earth Origin & Evolution |
Evaporation and Condensation |
West Flowing Rivers of Peninsular India |
| The Rock Cycle |
Koeppen's Climate Classification |
Biodiversity and its Importance |
| Erosional Landforms |
Important Straits of World For UPSC IAS Prelims |
The Major Indian River System |
| Ocean Floor and its Features |
Biogeochemical Cycles |
Classification of Soil in India & Types of Soil in India |
| Chemical Weathering |
Endogenic Processes |
List of Important Cities and Rivers |
| Volcanic Landforms |
The Nitrogen Cycle |
Major Domains Of The Earth |
| Biological Weathering |
Factors controlling Temperature Distribution |
Important Lakes of India for UPSC IAS Prelims |
| National Waterways in India |
Types Of Clouds |
Environment |
| Causes of Climate Change and Its Effects |
Dams in India |
Our Changing Earth |
| Biodiversity Conservation and its Importance? |
Wind and Types of Wind |
Distribution of Volcanoes around the Globe |
| Pre-Cambrian Mountains |
Caledonian Mountains |
Hercynian Mountains |
| Alpine Mountains |
India's Location |
Comparison between different Indian Geographical Borders |
| Coastlines of India |
India's Divisions Based on Geological Structure and Geomorphic Processes |
Peninsular Block |
| The Himalayas & Mountains |
Kashmir or North-Western Himalayas |
Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas |
| Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas |
Arunachal Himalayas |
Eastern Hills & Mountains |
| Peninsular Mountains |
Indo-Ganga -Brahmaputra Plain |
India's Physiographic Divisions |
| The Northern & North-Eastern Mountains |
The Greater Himalayan range |
The Great Himalayas(Himadri) |
| The Trans-Himalayan range |
The Lesser Himalayas (or Himachal) |
The Outer Himalayas (or Shiwalik) |
| North-Eastern Mountains |
The Northern Plains |
Bhabar |
| Tarai |
Khadar |
Bhangar |
| Sunderbans Delta |
The Peninsular Plateau |
The Deccan Plateau |
| The Central Highlands |
Malwa Plateau |
Vindhya Range |
| Vindhyachal Plateau |
Satpura Range |
The Chota Nagpur Plateau |
| Karbi Meghalaya plateau |
The North Eastern Plateau |
The Western and Eastern Ghats |
| The Western and Eastern Coastal Plains |
The Thar Desert |
The Island Groups |
| Island Groups of Bay of Bengal |
Island Groups of the Arabian Sea |
Indias Major Rock Groups |
| Archean System |
Dharwar System |
Cuddapah System |
| Gondwana System |
Cretaceous System |
Tertiary System |
| Quaternary System |
Indian Drainage Systems |
River Basins in India |
| River Systems of Himalayan Drainage |
River Systems in Peninsular India |
Peninsular Drainage |
| Narmada |
Tapi |
Mahanadi |
| Godavari |
Krishna |
Cauvery |
| Smaller Rivers of India flowing towards West |
Sabarmati |
Mahi |
| Dhandhar |
Sharavati |
Bharathapuzha |
| Periyar |
Smaller Rivers of India flowing towards East |
Subarnarekha |
| Baitarani |
Brahmani |
Pennar |
| Palar |
Difference between the Himalayan and the Peninsular Rivers |
Major Lakes in India |
| Freshwater Lakes in India |
Saltwater Lakes in India |
Natural Lakes in India |
| Oxbow Lakes in India |
Artificial Lakes in India |
Crater Lakes in India |
| Water Resources in India |
Periyar Diversion Scheme |
Indira Gandhi Canal Project |
| Kurnool - Cuddapah Canal |
Beas - Satluj Link Canal |
Ganga- Cauvery Link Canal |
| River Interlinking Projects in India |
Western Coastal Plain |
Eastern Coastal Plain |
| Difference between Western Coastal Plain and Eastern Coastal Plain |
Important Passes in India |
Major Peaks of the Indian Peninsula |
| Important Waterfalls in India |
Seasons in India |
Factors affecting the Climate of India |
| Jet Streams |
Indian Monsoon |
Southwest Monsoon Season |
| North-East Monsoon |
Monsoon winds of Arabian Sea |
Monsoon Winds of Bay of Bengal |
| Season of Retreating Monsoon |
El-Nino |
Indian Ocean Dipole |
| Climatic Regions of India according to Koeppen's Scheme |
Natural Disasters in India |
Earthquakes in India |
| Vulcanicity in India |
Tsunami in India |
Cyclones in India |
| Landslides in India |
Energy Resources in India |
Natural Resources in India |
| Conventional Energy in India |
Non-Conventional Energy Resources in India |
Solar Energy in India |
| Wind Energy in India |
Geothermal Energy in India |
Nuclear Energy Resources |
| Hydro Power Energy Sources in India |
Tidal Energy in India |
Major Mineral Belts of India |
| Mineral Resources of India |
Coal as an Energy Resource in India |
Petroleum and Natural Gas |
| Oil Refineries |
Iron Ore |
Manganese Resources in India |
| Bauxite Resources in India |
Limestone |
Problems related to mining |
| Conservation of Mineral Resources National Mineral Policy, 2019 |
Major Industrial Regions of the World |
Industrial Regions of India |
| Stand Up India |
Fourth Industrial Revolution |
Copper Industries |
| Electronic Industries |
Jute Industries |
Woollen Industries |
| Plastic Industries |
Automobile Industries |
Iron and Steel Industry |
| Aluminum Industries |
Cotton Textile Industries |
Silk Industries |
| Sugar industry: Problems and challenges of the current pattern |
Fertilizer Industries in India |
Paper Industries in India |
| Pharmaceutical industry: Locational pattern and reasons |
Food Processing Industry: Untapped Potential |
Agro based Industries: Problems and Prospects |
| Tourism: Prospects and Impact on Environment |
Human Geography |
Environmental Determinism |
| Possibilism |
Neo - Determinism |
Human Resources |
| Theories of Population Growth |
Malthusian Theory |
Marxian Theory |
| Demographic transition theory |
Optimum Population Theory |
Demographics |
| Recent census |
Population Composition |
Sex - Composition |
| Age Structure |
Rural-Urban Composition |
Demographic dividend |
| Mortality rate and morbidity rate etc. |
Migration |
Push & Pull Factors Responsible for migration |
| Types of Migration |
Issues related to migration |
Migration pattern in the world and India |
| World Migration Report, 2018 |
Demographic Transition |
Population Policies of India |
| Human Development |
Four Pillars of Development |
Human Settlements |
| Types of Settlement |
Rural Settlement in India |
Urban Settlements in India |
| Functional Classification of Towns |
Urbanization |
Indian Mega Cities |
| Central Place Theory |
Conurbations |
Rural Urban Fringe |
| Rural-Urban Continuum |
Agglomeration Economies |
Economic Activities |
| Racial Groups of India |
Schedule Tribes in India |
Schedule Castes in India |
| Transport, Communication and Trade in India |
Role of Transport in Regional Development |
Classification of roads |
| Border Roads |
Golden Quadrilateral |
National Highway Grid |
| Bharatmala Pariyojana |
Road Transport in India: Investment Challenges |
Important Zones of Indian Railways |
| Dedicated Freight Corridors |
Privatization of Railways |
Water Transport |
| Inland: National Waterways |
Factors affecting Inland waterways |
Significance and Challenges of Inland Waterways |
| Jal Marg Vikas Project |
Challenges in Port Development |
The shipping industry in India |
| Major Ports of the World and India |
Ports: Inclusive centers of economic development |
Sagarmala Project |
| International Sea Routes |
Coastal Shipping |
Shipping Canals |
| The Suez Canal |
The Panama Canal |
Environmental issues of maritime shipping |
| Transcontinental Railways |
Trans Siberian Railways |
National Airways |
| National Civil Aviation Policy |
Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN) |
International Airways |
| Pipelines - National & International |
Significance of Pipelines |
Communications |
| Communication Infrastructure |
National Telecom Policy |
Major Issues in Transport and Communication |
| The carbon footprint of the transport sector |
World Trade Pattern |
Major Oceanic Trade Routes |
| Basis of Overseas Trade |
Types of International Trade |
Bilateral Trade |
| Multilateral Trade |
Regional Trade Blocks |
Concept of the digital divide |
| Geopolitics of Natural Resources |
Globalization and Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources |
Depletion of natural resources versus Economic Growth |
| Changing Pattern of Land Use and Causes |
Water Crisis: Causes, Conflicts, and Resolution |
Energy Crisis |
| Challenges and constraints faced by the coal sector |
Challenges in the Hydropower sector |
Renewable Energy: a way toward sustainability |
| Physical Geography |
Human Geography |
Environmental Geography |
| Geomorphology |
Climatology |
Oceanography |
| Biogeography |
Environmental Geography |
Perspectives in Human Geography |
| Economic Geography |
Population and Settlement Geography |
Regional Planning |
| Models, Theories, and Laws in Human Geography |
Physical and Cultural Setting of India |
Resources, Agriculture, Transport, Communication, and Trade in India |
| Contemporary Ecological Issues and Biodiversity |
Geography as a Discipline |
Minor Relief of Ocean Floor |
| Earthquake, Body Waves, Causes & Types |
Motions of the Earth |
Importance of Biodiversity |
| Composition of Atmosphere |
Koeppen's Climate Classification |
Major Domains Of The Earth |
| Climate, Vegetation, and Wildlife of India |
Biodiversity and its Importance |
Biological Weathering |
| Continental Drift Theory |
Erosional Landforms |
Factors controlling Temperature Distribution |
| General circulation of Atmosphere |
Important Straits of World For UPSC IAS Prelims |
Important Lakes of India for UPSC IAS Prelims |
| Mountain Passes in India |
The Major Indian River System |
National Waterways in India |
| Temperate Cyclones |
Ocean Floor and its Features |
Types Of Clouds |
| Volcanoes |
Biogeochemical Cycles |
Environment |
| Atmospheric Pressure |
Classification of Soil in India & Types of Soil in India |
Causes of Climate Change and Its Effects |
| Weather, Climate and Its Changes |
Chemical Weathering |
Dams in India |
| Earth Origin & Evolution |
Endogenic Processes |
Our Changing Earth |
| Evaporation and Condensation |
List of Important Cities and Rivers |
Biodiversity Conservation and its Importance? |
| West Flowing Rivers of Peninsular India |
Volcanic Landforms |
Wind and Types of Wind |
| The Rock Cycle |
The Nitrogen Cycle |
Distribution of Volcanoes around the Globe |
| Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal project |
World Physical Geography |
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