Environment and Ecology Notes
One of the most essential subjects in the civil service examination is Environment and Ecology. In both the UPSC Prelims and Mains, questions from this area have been asked often. As a result, it is critical to obtain notes on crucial Environment themes in preparation for the UPSC Civil services Examination. These Notes are also useful for State Services Examinations.
The UPSC Prelims Syllabus and UPSC Mains Syllabus both include environmental and related themes (GS III). Also, Environment-related subjects occasionally appear in the UPSC Civil services Mains Examination Essay paper.
On this page, we are Providing authentic study notes for the Environment and Ecology Subject which is part of the UPSC Civil services examination Prelims GS Paper 1 and GS III of UPSC CS Mains Examination.
Table of Contents
- Environment and Ecology
- Ecosystem
- Terrestrial Ecosystem
- Aquatic Ecosystem
- Environmental Pollution
- Renewable Energy
- Environmental Issues
- Environment Impact Assessment
- Biodiversity
- Indian Biodiversity
- WPA 1972
- Animal Diversity of India
- Plant Diversity of India
- Marine Organisms
- Protected Area Network
- Wildlife Conservation Efforts
- Climate Change
- Mitigation Strategies
- Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction
- India and Climate Change
- Climate Change Organisations
- Other Organizations and Initiatives
- Important Terms Associated with Environment and Climate Change
- Act and Policies Associated with Environment
- Institutions and Measures
- International Conventions
- Environmental Issues and Health Effects
- Miscellaneous Topics in Environment
- FAQs
Environment and Ecology Master Page
Environment and Ecology
- Environment
- Environmental Ecology
- Ecology
- History of Ecology
- Levels of Organisations in Ecology
- Structure of a Community
Ecosystem
(a) Ecosystem
- Ecosystem
- Difference Between Environment and Ecosystem
- Difference Between Environment and Ecology
- Difference Between Ecology and Ecosystem
(b) Components of Ecosystem
- Components of Ecosystem
- Abiotic Components
- Biotic Components
- Primary Producers - Autotrophs
- Consumers – Heterotrophs or Phagotrophs
- Micro Consumers - Saprotrophs (Decomposers or Osmotrophs)
(c) Classification of an Ecosystem
- Classification of Ecosystems
- Natural Ecosystem
- Terrestrial Ecosystem
- Aquatic Ecosystem
- Homeostasis in Ecosystem
- Goods and Services Provided by Ecosystems
- Ecotone
- Niche
- Types of NicheTypes of Food Chains
- Biome
- Aquatic Zones
- Biosphere
(d) Funtions of Ecosystem
(e) Food Chain
(f) Ecological Pyramids
- Ecological Pyramids
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Pyramid of Biomass
- The Inverted Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Energy
(g) Pollutants and Tropic Level
(h) Types of Biotic Interaction
- Types of Biotic Interaction
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Competition
- Predation and Parasitism
- Amensalism
- Neutralism
(i) Biogeochemical Cycle
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- Nutrient Cycling
- Gaseous Cycles
- Sedimentary Cycle
- Water Cycle (Hydrologic)
- Carbon Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Sulphur Cycle
(j) Ecological Succession
- Ecological Succession
- Primary Succession
- Secondary Succession
- Autogenic and Allogenic Succession
- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Succession
Terrestrial Ecosystem
(a) Terrestrial Ecosystem
(b) Forest
- Forest Ecosystem
- Tundra Forests
- Coniferous Forest (Boreal Forest)
- Temperate Deciduous Forest
- Temperate Evergreen Forest
- Temperate Rain Forests
- Tropical Rain Forests
- Tropical Seasonal Forests
- Subtropical Rain Forests
(c) Indian Forest Types
- Indian Forest Types
- Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests
- Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests
- Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests
- Littoral and Swamp
- Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest
- Tropical Thorn Forests
- Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest
- Subtropical Broad-Leaved Forests
- Sub Tropical Pine Forests
- Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forests
- Montane Wet Temperate Forests
- Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest
- Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest
- Subalpine Forest
- Moist Alpine Scrub
- Dry Alpine Scrub
- Importance of Forest
- Afforestation
- Indian State of Forest Report
(d) Deforestation
(e) Grassland Ecosystem
(f) Desert Ecosystem
- Desert Ecosystem
- Water Conservation Practices in Desert
- Hot desert/ Thar desert
- Cold Desert/ Temperate Desert
(g) Desertification
Aquatic Ecosystem
(a) Types of Aquatic Ecosystems
- Aquatic Ecosystem
- Fresh Water Ecosystems
- Marine Ecosystems
- Brackish Water Ecosystems
(b) Aquatic Organisms
(c) Factors Limiting the Productivity of Aquatic Habitats
- Factors Limiting the Productivity of Aquatic Habitats
- Sunlight
- Photic zone
- Aphotic zone
- Dissolved oxygen
- Transparency
(d) Lake Ecosystems
- Lake Ecosystems
- Aging of Lakes
- Characteristics of Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes
- Removal of the Nutrients from a Lake
- Ameenpur Lake - First Biodiversity Heritage Site
(e) Eutrophication
(f) Change in Ecosystem
- Change in Ecosystem
- Toxicity
- Mitigation
- Harmful Algal Blooms
(g) Wetlands Ecosystem
- Wetlands Classification
- Inland Wetland
- Coastal Wetland
- Functions of Wetlands
- Comparison Between Lake and Wetlands
- Wetlands in India
- National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP)
- Criteria for Identification of Wetlands of National Importance
- Montreux Record
- Montreux Record Sites in India
- Neknampur Lake - First FTW Lake
(h) Estuary Ecosystem
(i) Mangroves Ecosystem
(j) Coral Reefs
(k) Ganga Action Plan
Environmental Pollution
(a) Environmental Pollution
(b) Air Pollution
- Air Pollution
- Major Air Pollutants
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- Lead
- Ozone
- Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
- Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
- Smog
- Formation of Smog
- Effects of Smog
- Urban Air Pollution
- Indoor Air Pollution
- Fly Ash
- Composition of Fly Ash
- Effects of Air Pollution
- Control Measures of Air Pollution
- National Air Quality Monitoring Programme
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- National Air Quality Index
- Air Pollution in India
- Steps Taken to Reduce Air Pollution in Delhi
(c) Water Pollution
- Water Pollution
- Point Sources of Water Pollution
- Nonpoint Sources of Water Pollution
- Ground Water Pollution
- Marine Pollution
- Oil Spills
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Dissolved Oxygen – Effects of Water Pollution
- Biological Oxygen Demand
- Chemical Oxygen Demand
- Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health
- Control Measures of Water Pollution
(d) Soil Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Causes of Soil Pollution
- Sources of Soil Pollution
- Industrial Wastes
- Pesticides
- Fertilizers and Manures
- Radioactive Wastes
- Types of Soil Pollution
- Effects of Soil Pollution
- Effects of Soil Pollution on the Environment
- Measures to Control Soil Pollution
- Four R’s
(e) Noise Pollution
(f) Radioactive Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- Types of Radiation
- Sources of Radioactive Pollution
- Natural Sources of Radioactive Pollution
- Man Made Sources of Radioactive Pollution
- Effects of Radioactive Pollution
- Measures to Control Radioactive Pollution
- E–Waste
(g) Solid Waste
- Solid Waste
- Plastic Waste
- Effects of Solid Waste
- Types of Solid Waste
- Municipal Solid Waste
- Hazardous Waste
- Hospital Waste
- Treatment of Solid Saste
- Disposal of Solid Waste
- Open Dumps
- Landfills
- Sanitary Landfills
- Incineration Plants
- Pyrolysis
- Composting
- Vermiculture
- Waste Minimization Circles (WMC)
(h) Thermal Pollution
(i) Plastic Pollution
- Plastic Pollution
- Sources of Plastic Pollution
- Impact of Plastic Pollution
- Measures to Control Plastic Pollution
- Impact of Microparticles
(j) Bioremediation
- Bioremediation
- Bioremediation Strategies
- In situ Bioremediation Techniques
- Bioventing
- Biosparging
- Bioaugmentation
- Ex situ Bioremediation Techniques
- Biopiles
- Bioreactors
- Genetic Engineering Approaches
- Phytoremediation
- Types of Phytoremediation
- Mycoremediation
- Advantages of Bioremediation
- Disadvantages of Bioremediation
(k) Environment Pollution and Health
(l) Acid Rain
- Acid Rain
- Types of Acid Deposition
- Sources of Compounds Causing Acid Rain
- Characteristics of Acid Rain
- Difference Between Normal and Anthropogenic Acidified Lakes
- Impact Of Acid Rain
- Measures to Control Acid Rain
Renewable Energy
- RENEWABLE ENERGY
- Installed Power Generation Capacity in India
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
(a) Solar Energy
- Solar Energy
- Photovoltaic Electricity
- Solar-Thermal Electricity
- Solar Thermal Technology
- Concentrated Solar Power
- Potential of Solar Energy in India
- International Solar Alliance
- Luminescent Solar Concentrators
(b) Wind Energy
(c) Hydro Power
(d) Ocean Thermal Energy
(e) Biomass
- Biomass
- Anaerobic Digestion
- Combustion/Incineration
- Pyrolysis/Gasification
- Cogeneration
- Waste to Energy
(f) Geothermal Energy
(g) Fuel Cells
Environmental Issues
- Environmental Issues in Indian Himalayan Region
- Role of Indian Himalayan Region in Indian Climate
- Urbanization in the Himalayas
- Participatory Conservation of Lakes in the Region
- Conservation of Dal Lake
- Impact of Commercial Tourism on the Environment
- Sand Mining in India
- Economic Consequences of Sand Mining
- Environmental Consequences of Sand Mining
- Current Rules and Policies in Operation in Relation to Sand Mining
- Guidelines for Sustainable Sand & Minor Mineral Mining
- Environmental Impacts of Palm Oil Production
- Impact of Radiation From Mobile Phone Towers on Human Beings And Wildlife
- G.E Trees and G.M crops
Environment Impact Assessment
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Need for EIA
- Components of EIA
- EIA Risk Assessment
- Environment Management Plan
- Drawbacks of Environmental Impact Assessment
- Recommendations of Environmental Impact Assessment
Biodiversity
(a) Levels of Biodiversity
(b) Measures of Biodiversity
- Measurement of Biodiversity
- Species Richness
- Alpha Diversity
- Beta Diversity
- Gamma Diversity
- Species Evenness
(c) Services Provided by Biodiversity
(d) Biodiversity Conservation
- Causes for Biodiversity Loss
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Ex-situ Conservation
- In-situ Conservation
- Botanical Garden
- Zoological Park
(e) The Red Data Book
- The Red Data Book
- IUCN Classification
- Extinct (EX)
- Extinct in the Wild (EW)
- Critically Endangered (CR)
- Endangered (EN)
- Vulnerable (VU)
- Near Threatened (NT)
- Least Concern (LC)
- Data Deficient (DD)
- Not Evaluated (NE)
(f) Convention on Biological Diversity
- Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
- Nagoya—Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol
- Nagoya Protocol
- AICHI Biodiversity Targets
Indian Biodiversity
- Indian Biodiversity Diverse Landscape
- Realms
- Biomes of India
- Biogeographic Zones
- Biogeographic Provinces
- Fauna
- Flora
- Wildlife of India
- Himalayan Mountain System
- Peninsular Region
- Wildlife of Tropical Rainforest Region
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Mangrove Swamps of Sunderbans
WPA 1972
- WPA 1972
- Schedule Animals of WPA 1972
Animal Diversity of India
(a) Critically Endangered Animals in India
- Critically Endangered Animals in India
- Critically Endangered Mammals
- Critically Endangered Marine Mammals
(b) Critically Endangered Birds
(c) Corals
(d) Wildlife Diseases
(e) Other Issues
Plant Diversity of India
(a) Insectivorous Plants in India
- Insectivorus Plants in India
- Drosera or Sundew
- Aldrovanda
- Nepenthes
- Utricularia or Bladderworts
- Pinguicula or Butterwort
(b) Invasive Alien Species
(c) Medicinal Plants in India
(d) Tree Characters
- Deciduous Trees
- Evergreen Trees
- Annual Rings
- Cambium
- Sapwood (Xylem)
- Root Types
- Pneumatophore
- Storage Roots
- Mycorrhiza
Marine Organisms
Protected Area Network
(a) National Initiatives
- Wild Life Sanctuary
- National Park
- Difference Between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
- Conservation Reserve and Community Reserves
(b) Global Initiatives
- Global Initiatives for the Environment
- Man and Biosphere Programme UNESCO
- Biosphere Reserve - Core Zone, Buffer Zone, Transition Zone
- Structure and Design of Biosphere Reserves
- Criteria for Selection of BRs
- World Network of Biosphere Reserves
- Biodiversity Hot Spots
- Indian Biodiversity Hot Spots
- Biodiversity Coldspots
- World Heritage Sites
- International Year of Biodiversity
- International Day for Biological Diversity
Wildlife Conservation Efforts
(a) Tiger(En)
- Project Tiger
- Tiger Reserves
- National Tiger Conservation Authority
- International Cooperation for Project Tiger
(b) Elephant(En)
(c) Vulture
(d) Rhino (Vu)
(e) Snow Leopard (Vu)
(f) Other Initiatives
- Sea Turtle Project
- Indian Crocodile Conservation Project
- Project Hangul
- Captive Breeding
- Project Dolphin
- Government Measures are Taken to Prevent the Menace Of Wild Animal Entry into
- SAWEN
Climate Change
(a) Global Warming and Climate Change
- Climate Change
- Global Warming
- Causes of Climate Change
- Global Warming Potential
- Receding Glaciers A Symptom Of Global Climate Change
(b) Green House Effect
- Greenhouse Effect
- Green House Gases
- Water Vapor as Green House Gas
- Carbon Dioxide as Green House Gas
- Carbon Dioxide Levels -Keeling Curve
- Methane as Green House Gas
- Nitrous Oxide as Green House Gas
- Fluorinated Gases as Green House Gases
- Hydrofluorocarbons
- Perfluorocarbons
- Sulfur Hexafluoride
- Black Carbon
- Brown Carbon
(c) Ocean Acidification
(d) Arctic Amplification
(e) Methane and Climate Change
- Methane Global Tracker Report
- Global Methane Assessment 2030:Baseline Report
- Global Methane Hub
- Climate and Clean Air Coalition
- Global Methane Pledge
- International Methane Emissions Observatory
- Global Methane Initiative
- MARS - Methane Alert Response System
- EMIT Mission
- Biomethanation
(f) Ozone Depletion
- Ozone Depletion
- Ozone Depleting Substances
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- Role of Polar Stratospheric Clouds in Ozone Depletion
- Environmental Effects Of Ozone Depletion
(g) Impact of Climate Change
Mitigation Strategies
- Climate Change Mitigation Strategies
- Carbon Sequestration
- Geologic Sequestration
- Carbon Sink
- Green Carbon
- Blue Carbon
- Blue Carbon Ecosystem
- Blue Carbon Initiative
- Carbon Credit
- Carbon Offsetting
- Carbon Tax
- Geo-Engineering
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction
India and Climate Change
- India and Climate Change
- Observed Climate and Weather Changes In India
- India’s National Action Plan On Climate Change
- National Solar Mission
- The National Mission For Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
- National Mission On Sustainable Habitat
- National Water Mission (NWM)
- National Mission For Sustaining The Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)
- National Mission For A Green India
- National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
- The National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC)
- National Bio-Energy Mission
- Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
- Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment
- India’s Policy Structure Relevant To GHG Mitigation
- Introduction of Labelling Programme For Appliances
- Energy Conservation Building Code
- Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
- Promotion Of Biofuels
- Indian Solar Loan Programme
- National Initiative On Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
- BSE-Greenex
- Long Term Ecological Observatories (LTEO)
- The National Adaptation Fund For Climate Change (NAFCC)
Climate Change Organisations
(a) UNFCCC
- UNFCCC
- Kyoto Protocol: Cop-3
- Clean Development Mechanism
- Carbon Trading
- Emission Trading
- Offset Trading
- Bali Climate Change Conference
- Bali Action Plan
- Cop 15 Copenhagen Summit
- ‘Cop 16 Cancun Summit
- Cancun Agreements
- Green Climate Fund
- Adaptation Fund
- COP 17 Durban Summit
- Paris Climate Change Conference COP 21, 2015
- Nationally Determined Contributions
- Marrakech Climate Change Conference –COP 22, 2016
- Bonn Climate Change Conference - COP 23, 2017
- Fiji’s COP
- Talanoa Dialogue
- Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
- Redd
- Redd+
- Climate-Smart Agriculture
Other Organizations and Initiatives
- The GEF
- GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change Focal Area
- Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC)
- Global Climate Finance Architecture
- Biocarbon Fund
- Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
- Special Climate Change Fund
- Least Developed Countries Fund
- Green Climate Fund
- Global Climate Change Alliance
- UN-REDD Programme
- Amazon Fund (Fundo Amazônia)
- Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund
Important Terms Associated with Environment and Climate Change
Act and Policies Associated with Environment
- List of Environmental Acts
- Wild Life Protection Act 1972
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
- National Forest Policy 1988
- The Major Achievements of National Forest Policy, 1988
- Biological Diversity Act, 2002
- The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition Of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
- Green Highways (Plantation, Transplantation, Beautification & Maintenance) Policy - 2015
- Chemical Safety
- Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011
- Island Protection Zone Notification, 2011
- Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Construction And Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
- E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2017
- The Ozone Depleting Substances Rules
Institutions and Measures
- Institutions and Measures to Save the Environment
- National Green Tribunal (NGT)
- National Wildlife Action Plan
- National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board
- National Afforestation Programme
- Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
- Joint Forest Management (JFM)
- Social Forestry
- Farm Forestry
- Community Forestry
- Extension Forestry
- Recreational Forestry
- National Bamboo Mission
- Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI)
- Lighting A Billion Lives (LABL)
- Eco Mark
- Urban Services Environmental Rating System (USERS)
- Biodiversity Conservation & Rural Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP)
- National Clean Energy Fund
- National Mission For Electric Mobility
- Science Express - Biodiversity Special (SEBS)
- Environment Education, Awareness & Training (EEAT) Scheme
- National Environment Awareness Campaign (NEAC)
- Mangroves for the Future
- Important Wildlife Institutions
- The Animal Welfare Board of India
- Central Zoo Authority
- The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)
- The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)
- Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)
- National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP)
- National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
- Wildlife Trust Of India
- Mission LiFe
- GOBARdhan - Galvanising Organic Bio Agro Resources Dhan
- HPCL - Cowdung to Compressed Biogas Project
- SATAT Initiative - Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation ( SATAT) Initiative
- National Green Hydrogen Mission
- Updated NDCs
- Panchamrit
International Conventions
- International Conventions
- United Nations Conference On Environment and Development (UNCED)
- Agenda 21
- Local Agenda 21
- Agenda 21 for Culture
- Rio+5
- Johannesburg Summit
- Rio +20
- Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
- Nagoya—Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol
- Nagoya Protocol
- AICHI Biodiversity Targets
- COP 11 Hyderabad
- Ramsar Convention On Wetlands
- International Organization Partners
- The Changwon Declaration on Human Well-being and Wetlands
- CITES
- Traffic: The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network
- Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species (CMS)
- Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT)
- The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
- United Nations Forum On Forests (UNFF)
- IUCN
- The Global Tiger Forum (GTF)
- The Stockholm Convention On POP
- Basel Convention
- Rotterdam Convention
- International Whaling Commission
- Vienna Convention
- Montreal Protocol
- India and Protection of Ozone Layer
- Kigali Agreement
- Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
- Minamata Convention
- UNCCD
Environmental Issues and Health Effects
- Environment Issues and Health Effects
- REM in Toxicology
- Iodine - 131
- Lead- Toxicology Effects
- Mercury Toxicology Effects
- Fluorine Toxicology Effects
- DDT
- Lead in Paints
- TRANSFAT
- High Caffeine in Energy Drinks
- Pesticide in Human Blood
- Testing of Pesticide Toxicity
- Diseases Caused By Environmental Degradation
- Minamata Disease
- Yokkaichi Asthma
- Itai-itai Disease
- Blue Baby Syndrome
- Pneumoconiosis
- Asbestosis
- Emphysema
- Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
- Silicosis
Miscellaneous Topics in Environment
- Miscellaneous Topics in Environment
- Chipko Movement
- Appiko Movement
- International Standards and Environment
- The National Wastelands Development Board (NWDB)
- Bioassay
- Flagship Species
- Keystone Species
- Indicator Species
- Foundation Species
- Charismatic Megafauna
- Umbrella Species
- Meaning and Functions of Environment
- Adaptation Gap Report
- Coal Bed Methane
- Shale Gas
- Harit Dhara
- Rubin-8
- SynGas
- Coal Gasification
- Methanol Economy - Conversion of high Coal Ash Coal to Methanol
- Green Coal
- Hydrogen Color Codes
- Level Used Cost of Hydrogen
- India’s Green House Gas Emissions
- Net Zero Pledges
- Carbon Leakage
- Carbon Border Tax
- Carbon Bombs
- LINGO - Leave it In the Ground Initiative
- Karakoram Anamoly
- Carbon Budget
- CO2 Equivalent
- Committed Warming
- Runaway Greenhouse Effect
- Climate Tipping Points
- UNEP Production Gap Report
- UN World Water Conference
- Global Alliance for Industry Decarbonisation
FAQs
Ques: How important is the environment and ecology section for the UPSC prelims and Mains Exam?
Ans :
From the standpoint of both the IAS Prelims and Mains, the environment and ecology are crucial subjects. About 25 to 30 percent of the general studies paper 1's questions are from this subject. Every year, between 15 and 20 questions are asked in the IAS prelims, which is a large number.
Ques: What are the books and sources for Environment and ecology?
Ans :
Books and resources for environment and ecology
- The NCERT Textbooks cover geography in classes VI to XI,
- science in classes VII and X, and biology in classes XII (last 4 chapters)
- Hindu Newspaper and Yojana Magazine, Shankar IAS Book on Environment You should also refer to the Science Reporter, Down To Earth, and pratiyogita darpan magazine in addition to the aforementioned reference books.
- Online material of Preppias
- The Environment Ministry's official website
Ques: What should be considered when preparing the environment?
Ans :
A blend of static and dynamic content is a straightforward strategy for issues relating to the environment. Instead of trying to understand everything there is to know, we should simply relate to one another and learn.
While reading newspapers, one should be able to connect it to the static content.
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