The category Critically Endangered corresponds to the greatest risk among threatened species. According to a report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List in 2022, 15 bird species, 10 mammal species, 5 reptile species, and 5 fish species have been classified as critically endangered. India is a diverse country, which is reflected in its flora and fauna. It is home to numerous plant, animal, mammal, and reptile species. It has 89 national parks, 18 bio-reserves, and 400 wildlife sanctuaries to reflect its rich diversity. However, with an increase in activities such as hunting and poaching, the threat of this wildlife becoming endangered has grown. In this article, we will discuss Critically Endangered Animals in India which will be helpful for UPSC exam preparation.

Reasons for Endangerment

• One of the main causes of species extinction is habitat loss. Human intervention is now a major factor in the destruction of the natural landscape.
• Human activities such as tree removal, which provides both food and shelter to numerous species, mining, and agriculture are examples of such activities.
• Overhunting and poaching have a devastating and global impact on the number of animals and fish.
• Pollution such as air pollution, water pollution, and waste pollution, particularly plastic pollution, all play a significant role in the extinction of animal species. Pollution not only endangers human health, but it also harms animals.
• There is always an accurate balance between the number of predators and their prey animals in a robust and hearty environment.
  • Predators who are natural enemies of their prey animals prefer old and sick prey because they are unable to keep up with their group.
  • In this scenario, their relationship is completely healthy because the predators only eat prey animals that are nearing the end of their lives.
  • However, problems arise when predators venture into areas where they will only encounter a small number of prey animals.
• Animals are frequently kept in sanctuaries and shelters to protect them from poaching and hunting.
  • Though it has proven to be very beneficial for some animals, there are other animals who suffer and are in danger of extinction.
  • Overcrowding and overgrazing are the primary causes. Typically, there are too many animals confined in small spaces.
  • These animals frequently eat the same grass and trees in a small area, whereas in natural settings, grazing animals constantly change the landscape while eating and move for the majority of the time.
  • In an enclosed and small area, however, they eat from the same plants repeatedly, eventually destroying the plants due to overstress.

Critically Endangered Animal Species of India

Critically Endangered Mammals

• Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)
• Andaman White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura andamanensis)
• Jenkin's Andaman Spiny Shrew (Crocidura jenkinsi)
• Nicobar White-tailed Shrew (Crocidura nicobarica)
• Kondana Rat (Millardia kondana)
• Elvira Rat or large rock rat (Cremnomys elvira)
• Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi)
• Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina)
• Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
• Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

*For detailed notes of this topic, check this link Critically Endangered Mammals

Critically Endangered Birds

• Baer's Pochard (Aythyabaeri)
• Forest Owlet (Heteroglauxblewitti)
• Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotisnigriceps)
• Bengal Florican (Houbaropsisbengalensis)
• Siberian Crane (Grusleucogeranus)
• Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Eurynorhynchuspygmeus)
• Socially Lapwing (Vanellusgregarius)
• Jerdon's Courser (Rhinoptilusbitorquatus)
• White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis)
• Red-headed Vulture (Sarcogypscalvus)
• White-bellied Heron (Ardeainsignis)
• Slender-billed Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris)
• Indian Vulture (Gyps indicus)
• Himalayan Quail (Ophrysiasuperciliosa)
• Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessacaryophyllacea)

*For detailed notes of this topic, check this link Critically Endangered Birds

Critically Endangered Reptiles

• Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)
• Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
• Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
• Four-toed River Terrapin (Batagur baska)
• Red-crowned Roofed Turtle or Bengal Roof Turtle (Batagur kachuga)
• Sispara day gecko (Cnemaspis sisparensis)

Critically Endangered Amphibians

• Anamalai Flying Frog (Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus)
• Gundia Indian Frog (Indirana gundia)
• Kerala Indian Frog (Indirana phrynoderma)
• Charles Darwin's Frog (Ingerana charlesdarwini)
• Kottigehar Bubble-nest Frog (Micrixalus kottigeharensis)
• Amboli Bush Frog (Pseudophilautus amboli)
• The Chalazodes Bubble-Nest Frog (Raorchestes chalazodes)
• Small Bush Frog (Raorchestes chotta)
• Green-eyed Bush Frog (Raorchestes chlorosomma)
• Griet Bush Frog (Raorchestes griet)
• Kaikatt's Bush Frog (Raorchestes kaikatti)
• Mark's Bush Frog (Raorchestes marki)
• Munnar Bush Frog (Raorchestes munnarensis)
• Large Ponmudi Bush Frog (Raorchestes ponmudi)
• Respledentl Shrub Frog (Raorchestes resplendens)
• Sacred Grove Bush Frog (Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus)
• Sushil's Bush Frog (Raorchestes sushili)
• Shillong Bubble-nest Frog (Raorchestes shillongensis)
• Tiger toad (Xanthophryne tigerinus)

Critically Endangered Fish

• Pondicherry Shark (Carcharhinus hemiodon)
• Ganges Shark (Glyphis gangeticus)
• Knife-Tooth Sawfish (Anoxypristis cuspidata)
• Large Tooth Sawfish (Pristis microdon)
• Long-comb Sawfish or Narrow-snout Sawfish (Pristis zijsron)

Critically Endangered Corals

• Fire corals (Millepora boschmai)

Critically Endangered Spiders

• Rameshwaram Ornamental or Rameshwaram Parachute Spider (Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica)
• Gooty Tarantula, Metallic Tarantula, or Peacock Tarantula (Poecilotheria metallica)

Ways to Save Endangered Animals

• If pollution can be reduced globally, it can have a significant positive impact on animals, fish, and birds all over the world.
• A number of breeding programmes have been established to save endangered animals from extinction.
• Because this programme requires dedicated and special people, as well as a lot of money, the government, NGOs, and other corporate bodies should come forward for this noble cause.
• Reintroducing endangered animals to the wild once their numbers increase has been successful in some cases, though not all species have fared well.
• If hunting and poaching are controlled, the numbers of endangered animals may change significantly.
• Under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972, endangered wild animals and plants are legally protected from hunting and commercial exploitation.
• The Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972 has been amended and strengthened. The penalties for offences have been increased. The Act also provides for the forfeiture of any equipment, vehicle, or weapon used in the commission of a wildlife offence.
• Protected Areas, such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves, have been established throughout the country to provide better protection to wildlife, including threatened species and their habitat.
• Various Centrally Sponsored Schemes, such as 'Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats,' 'Project Tiger,' and 'Project Elephant,' provide financial and technical assistance to state governments in order to improve wildlife protection and conservation.
• The Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972 empowers the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to apprehend and prosecute wildlife offenders.
• State governments have been asked to beef up field formations and increase patrolling in and around Protected Areas.
• Through an effective communication system, strict vigilance is maintained.

Conclusion

Despite ongoing conservation efforts, many endangered species' status remains unchanged. The primary treaties tasked with protecting endangered species are the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). However, species conservation efforts should be expanded in the future to include lesser-known species that provide important ecosystem services. It is important to protect iconic endangered species in order to promote policies and measures that can benefit entire ecosystems and many other endangered species.

FAQs

Q1: What are critically endangered animals?

Q2: What are some examples of critically endangered animals found in India?

Q3: What factors contribute to the critical endangerment of these species in India?

Q4: How does the Indian government protect critically endangered species?

Q5: What can individuals do to help in the conservation of critically endangered species?

MCQs

1. Which of the following is a critically endangered species in India?

A) Asian elephant

B) Bengal tiger

C) Great Indian bustard

D) Indian leopards

2. What is the primary threat to critically endangered species in India?

A) Natural disasters

B) Habitat loss

C) Climate change

D) Migration

3. Which project was launched by the Indian government specifically for the conservation of tigers?

A) Project Elephant

B) Project Tiger

C) National Wildlife Action Plan

D) National Biodiversity Action Plan

4. Which critically endangered species is known for its unique one-horned feature?

A) Indian elephant

B) Indian rhinoceros

C) Asiatic lion

D) Snow leopard

5. What is the role of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in conserving critically endangered species?

A) It promotes hunting of endangered species.

B) It provides legal protection against poaching.

C) It encourages deforestation.

D) It allows unrestricted access to wildlife habitats.

GS Mains Questions and Model Answers

Q1. Discuss the main challenges faced in the conservation of critically endangered species in India.

Answer: The conservation of critically endangered species in India faces multiple challenges that hinder effective protection and recovery efforts. One of the primary challenges is habitat loss due to rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development. This leads to fragmentation of habitats, making it difficult for species to thrive and find mates, ultimately affecting their population dynamics. Additionally, poaching remains a significant threat, particularly for species like the Bengal tiger and Indian rhinoceros, driven by illegal wildlife trade for their body parts, which are highly valued in traditional medicine and as status symbols. Human-wildlife conflict is another pressing issue, as expanding human settlements encroach on wildlife habitats, leading to confrontations that often result in the killing of animals perceived as threats to livestock or crops. Climate change poses further risks, altering habitats and food availability, thereby affecting breeding and survival rates. Moreover, insufficient funding and lack of awareness regarding the importance of biodiversity conservation contribute to ineffective management of protected areas. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including stronger legal frameworks, community engagement, habitat restoration efforts, and increased public awareness to promote coexistence between humans and wildlife.

Q2. Evaluate the impact of Project Tiger on the conservation of the Bengal tiger in India.

Answer: Project Tiger, launched in 1973, has had a profound impact on the conservation of the Bengal tiger in India. Initially established to address the alarming decline in tiger populations due to poaching and habitat loss, the project has successfully raised awareness about the species and its ecological significance. One of the key achievements of Project Tiger is the establishment of numerous tiger reserves across the country, which provide a protected habitat for tigers and other wildlife. These reserves are managed with a focus on habitat restoration and anti-poaching measures, leading to increased tiger populations in many areas. The project has also fostered community involvement through initiatives that promote sustainable livelihoods for local populations, reducing reliance on forest resources that can negatively impact tiger habitats. Monitoring and research programs initiated under Project Tiger have improved our understanding of tiger behavior and ecology, informing better conservation strategies. Furthermore, Project Tiger has inspired similar initiatives for the conservation of other endangered species, thus playing a crucial role in India's broader wildlife conservation efforts. Despite challenges such as human-wildlife conflict and habitat degradation, the overall impact of Project Tiger has been positive, making it a landmark initiative in the conservation of the Bengal tiger.

Q3. Analyze the role of local communities in the conservation of critically endangered species in India.

Answer: Local communities play a vital role in the conservation of critically endangered species in India, serving as key stakeholders in the management of natural resources. Their traditional knowledge and practices often provide valuable insights into sustainable resource use and habitat management. By involving local communities in conservation efforts, there is an opportunity to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility towards wildlife protection. Many successful conservation programs have demonstrated that when communities benefit from the conservation of species, they are more likely to engage in protective measures. For instance, initiatives that promote eco-tourism can provide economic incentives to local populations, encouraging them to protect endangered species instead of exploiting them. Additionally, community-led programs can effectively address human-wildlife conflicts by implementing strategies that minimize interactions and losses. Furthermore, the involvement of local communities in monitoring wildlife populations can enhance data collection efforts, leading to informed conservation decisions. However, for effective community involvement, it is crucial to ensure that their rights are recognized and that they receive equitable benefits from conservation activities. By integrating local communities into conservation strategies, India can enhance its efforts to protect critically endangered species, promoting biodiversity while also improving the livelihoods of those who depend on these ecosystems.

Previous Year Questions on  Critically Endangered Animals in India

1. UPSC CSE 2021

Question. Examine the role of conservation programs in protecting critically endangered species in India.

Answer: Conservation programs in India play a pivotal role in safeguarding critically endangered species, addressing the multifaceted challenges these species face in their natural habitats. Programs such as Project Tiger and Project Elephant focus on habitat preservation, anti-poaching measures, and community involvement to enhance the chances of survival for these species. Through the establishment of protected areas, these programs create safe havens where endangered species can thrive without the threat of human encroachment. Additionally, these initiatives promote research and monitoring to gather data on population trends and health, informing adaptive management strategies. The success of these programs is often linked to the participation of local communities, who are encouraged to engage in conservation efforts, thereby creating a sense of ownership and stewardship over their natural resources. Moreover, awareness campaigns educate the public about the importance of biodiversity and the need for conservation, fostering a culture of sustainability. Overall, conservation programs are crucial in mitigating threats to critically endangered species, promoting ecological balance, and ensuring that future generations can inherit a rich natural heritage.

2. UPSC CSE 2020

Question. Discuss the factors contributing to the decline of critically endangered species in India and suggest possible measures to mitigate these threats.

Answer: The decline of critically endangered species in India is driven by several interrelated factors, including habitat loss, poaching, climate change, and human-wildlife conflict. Habitat loss, primarily due to deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion, leads to fragmentation of ecosystems, disrupting the natural habitats necessary for species survival. Poaching, driven by illegal wildlife trade, poses a severe threat to species such as tigers, rhinoceroses, and elephants, whose body parts are sought after for various purposes. Climate change exacerbates these issues by altering habitats, affecting food availability, and increasing the vulnerability of species to diseases. Human-wildlife conflict arises when wildlife encroaches on agricultural lands or human settlements, leading to retaliatory killings and further threatening populations. To mitigate these threats, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. Strengthening legal frameworks to enhance protections against poaching and habitat destruction is crucial. Additionally, implementing community-based conservation initiatives can foster collaboration between local populations and conservationists, ensuring that communities benefit from protecting wildlife. Enhancing public awareness through education campaigns can help cultivate a culture of coexistence and respect for biodiversity. Finally, habitat restoration projects can aid in reestablishing critical ecosystems, allowing endangered species to recover and thrive.