According to Vroom’s theory of motivation, which one of the following is correct ?
Force = Valence × Expectancy
Option 4 — Force = Valence × Expectancy is correct.
Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory (1964) is a process theory of motivation. It proposes that the strength of the motivational force to act depends on the product of two beliefs, so that motivation collapses to zero if either belief is zero.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Force (Motivation) | The strength of the drive to put in effort |
| Valence | The value or attractiveness the person places on the expected reward |
| Expectancy | The perceived probability that effort will lead to the desired outcome |
Vroom expressed this as Force = Valence × Expectancy. The multiplicative form is the key insight: even a highly valued reward produces no motivation if the person believes effort will not achieve it (expectancy = 0), and a highly probable outcome produces no motivation if the reward is worthless to them (valence = 0).
Why the other options are wrong: Options 1, 2 and 3 rearrange the formula to make Valence or Expectancy the dependent term. In Vroom’s model the outcome being explained is the motivational force, so Force must stand alone on the left, equal to Valence multiplied by Expectancy.
Takeaway: Vroom’s motivational force equals Valence times Expectancy.
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______ is the set of attributes used to describe oneself.
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II. Giving children money or treats for good grades comes under extrinsic motivation
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