List I (Exponent) List II (Theory) (a) Abraham Maslow (i) Two-factor Theory (b) Herzberg (ii) Achievement Theory (c) Aldufer (iii) Need Hierarchy Theory (d) Mcclelland (iv) ERG Theory
Matching Motivation Theories with Their Exponents
This question requires matching prominent content theories of motivation with the psychologists who developed them. Content theories focus on what motivates people, identifying needs or factors that drive behavior.
Abraham Maslow: Need Hierarchy Theory
Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, is famous for his Need Hierarchy Theory. He proposed that individuals have a hierarchy of needs, starting from basic physiological needs and progressing to higher-level psychological needs like self-actualization. This hierarchy suggests that lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs become primary motivators.
Herzberg: Two-factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg developed the Two-factor Theory, also known as the Motivation-Hygiene Theory. He distinguished between factors that cause job satisfaction (motivators) and factors that cause dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). Motivators relate to the job content itself, while hygiene factors relate to the job context.
Aldufer: ERG Theory
Clayton Alderfer modified Maslow's theory and proposed the ERG Theory. ERG stands for Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. This theory suggests that individuals have these three core needs and that they can pursue them simultaneously, and unlike Maslow's hierarchy, frustration in a higher-level need can lead to increased pursuit of a lower-level need.
Mcclelland: Achievement Theory
David McClelland is known for his work on the Achievement Theory, which focuses on the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation. He suggested that individuals are motivated by these learned needs, with a high need for achievement often driving individuals towards success and challenging goals.
Summary of Matches
Here is a summary table matching the exponents (List I) with their respective theories (List II):
| Exponent (List I) | Theory (List II) |
|---|---|
| (a) Abraham Maslow | (iii) Need Hierarchy Theory |
| (b) Herzberg | (i) Two-factor Theory |
| (c) Aldufer | (iv) ERG Theory |
| (d) Mcclelland | (ii) Achievement Theory |
Therefore, the correct matching is (a) (iii), (b) (i), (c) (iv), and (d) (ii).
Important Questions from Motivation
- Mechanistic view of motivation can be characterised as :
(a) S-O-R explanation.
(b) Direction of behaviour is determined by bonds between stimulus and response or habits.
(c) Probability of elicitation of various habits depend upon prior reinforcement contingencies.
(d) Behaviour once elicited persists until the removal of sustaining stimuli. - Which of the following sequence is correct in case of steps in a goal-setting program for students ?
- According to self-determination theory ______ and _____ form the basis for intrinsic motivation.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below :
List – I
(Concept)List – II
(Explanation)a. Fixed Action Pattern i. When two incompatible response tendencies are simultaneously aroused, the organisms may display behaviours that appear to be irrelevant to the situation. b. Displacement Activity ii. Highly stereotyped responses that are assumed to be genetically programmed reactions that occur in the presence of a particular ‘sign’ stimulus. c. Hedonic Bias iii. A state in which a person performs an action because the act itself is satisfying or rewarding internally. d. Intrinsic motivation iv. Tendency to take more credit for success than to take responsibility for failure. - McClelland’s theory basically focuses on _____ needs whilst Maslow’s theory focuses on _____ needs.
