Match the following : Codes :List – I List – II a. h-parameters i. O/P voltage varies as the slope of i/p voltage b. differentiator ii. Noise division c. half-wave rectifier iii. Function of a Q point d. integrator iv. series diode clipper
a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii
Two pairings are certain and they select the code by themselves: a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii — option 1.
| Item | Match |
|---|---|
| a. h-parameters | iii. Function of a Q point |
| b. Differentiator | i. Output varies as the slope of the input |
| c. Half-wave rectifier | iv. Series diode clipper |
| d. Integrator | ii. Noise division |
b is the surest anchor. "Slope" is the derivative, and a differentiator's defining equation is
\(V_{o}=-RC\dfrac{dV_{i}}{dt}\)
so its output is proportional to the rate of change — the slope — of the input. Nothing else in the list could claim that description.
a is the second anchor. The hybrid parameters are small-signal quantities, obtained by linearising the transistor's curves about its bias point. Since the slope of a curve differs from place to place, \(h_{ie}\) and \(h_{fe}\) depend on where the device is biased — for instance
\(h_{ie}\approx\dfrac{\eta V_{T}}{I_{B}}\)
which is inversely proportional to the quiescent base current. A transistor's data sheet accordingly quotes h-parameters at a stated collector current and collector-emitter voltage.
c — the half-wave rectifier as a series clipper. A single diode in series with a load passes one polarity and blocks the other, which is precisely the description of a series clipper set to remove everything below zero. Rectification and clipping are the same operation seen with different intent: the rectifier is used to obtain DC, the clipper to limit a waveform.
d — the integrator and "noise division". The remaining pairing is by elimination, and the phrase is awkward, but it is defensible. An integrator's gain falls with frequency as
\(|A|=\dfrac{1}{\omega RC}\)
so it attenuates — "divides" — high-frequency noise, acting as a low-pass filter. This is the exact opposite of the differentiator, whose gain rises with frequency and which therefore amplifies noise. It is why integrators are preferred wherever a choice exists between the two.
The answer is flagged only because item ii's wording is unclear; the other three pairings are unambiguous, and no other code accommodates them.
Hence, the correct code is a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii.
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