Give below are two statements: Statement I : The Montreal Protocol to protect the Earth's ozone layer is to date the only United Nations environment agreement to be ratified by every country in the world. Statement II : Paris agreement establishes voluntary commitments by all parties to prepare, communicate and maintain a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
Statement I concerns the Montreal Protocol (1987), which phases out ozone-depleting substances. It enjoys universal ratification — every member state of the United Nations has ratified it, making it the only environmental treaty with such complete, worldwide participation. So Statement I is true.
Statement II describes the Paris Agreement (2015). Every party is indeed required to prepare, communicate and maintain successive Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) — but submitting and maintaining an NDC is a binding procedural obligation, not a "voluntary" one. Only the level of ambition inside an NDC is self-determined; the act of preparing and communicating it is mandatory. Describing the commitment as "voluntary" therefore makes Statement II incorrect.
Hence Statement I is true but Statement II is false. "Both true" is wrong because the Paris NDC obligation is procedurally mandatory; "both false" is wrong because Montreal's universal ratification is an established fact; "Statement I false but Statement II true" is wrong on both counts.
Takeaway: the Montreal Protocol is universally ratified, while under the Paris Agreement submitting an NDC is obligatory even though its content is nationally decided.
Correct answer: Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
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