As per religious scholars, the origin of Jainism is believed to take place in the Ganges region of eastern India during the 7th–5th centuries BCE, which was a hotbed of religious speculation and activity at the time. Jainism, or the Jain Dharma, is a religion that originated on the Indian subcontinent and is one of the world's oldest religions. Jainism has prehistoric origins dating back before 3000 BC, before the emergence of Indo-Aryan culture. This article will explain to you the concepts related to the Origin of Jainism which will be helpful in Indian Art and Culture preparation for the UPSC Civil service exam.

Origin of Jainism

• Jainism is derived from the Sanskrit term ji, which means "to conquer."
• It refers to the ascetic battle that Jain renunciants (monks and nuns) are said to wage against their passions and corporeal senses in order to achieve enlightenment, or omniscience and soul purity.
• Jainism is a religion that dates back thousands of years. According to certain traditions, it predates the Vedic faith.
• Jains believe that their religion has no historical founder.
• In the Jain religion, there are a series of renowned instructors known as Tirthankaras.
• Vardhamana, the 24th and final Tirthankara of that era, was known as Mahavira and is thought to be the last teacher of "correct" knowledge, faith, and practice.
• Although Mahavira is typically dated to 599–527 BCE, he must be considered a close contemporary of the Buddha (who is traditionally dated to 563–483 BCE but lived roughly a century later).
• The Jain scriptures' mythical descriptions of Mahavira's life serve as the foundation for his biography and allow certain inferences to be drawn about the nature of the early community he formed.l.
• Rishabhanath or Rishabhdev is thought to be the first Tirthankara.
• Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara, was born in Varanasi. He lived in the eighth or seventh centuries BC.
• By birth, all of the Tirthankaras were Kshatriyas.

Vardhaman Mahavira

Vardhaman Mahavira (540 - 468 BC)

• Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, was born in the village of Kundagrama near Vaishali in the year 540 B.C.
• He was a member of the Jnatrika tribe and was related to the Magadha royal dynasty.
• His father, Siddharta, was the chief of the Jnathrika Kshatriya tribe, while his mother, Trishala, was the sister of Vaishali's monarch, Chetaka.
• He gave up his home and became an ascetic when he was 30 years old.
• At the age of 42, he practiced discipline for 12 years and obtained the greatest spiritual knowledge known as Kaivalya (i.e. vanquished misery and happiness).
• At Pava, he preached his first sermon.
• Every Tirthankara was given a sign, and Mahavira's symbol was a lion.
• His missions carried him to places like Koshala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa, and others.
• In 468 B.C., at the age of 72, he died in Bihar's Pavapuri.

Causes of Rise of Jainism

• Vedic religion had evolved into a highly ceremonial religion. With intricate ceremonies and the dominance of Brahmanas, Hinduism had become dogmatic and conservative.
• In comparison to Sanskrit, Jainism was taught in Pali and Prakrit, making it more accessible to the general public.
• The Varna system separated society into four divisions based on birth, with the two upper classes enjoying a number of advantages. Jainism was open to people of all castes and creeds.
• The Varna system had become rigid, and the lower castes were living in misery. They were given an honourable place in Jainism.
• A major famine in the Ganga valley forced Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu (the last Acharya of the undivided Jain sangha) to relocate to Karnataka about 200 years after Mahavira's death.
• After that, Jainism spread throughout Southern India.

List of Tirthankaras and Symbols

Conclusion

Jainism is an Indian religion that teaches disciplined nonviolence (ahimsa, literally "non-injury") to all living creatures as a road to spiritual purity and enlightenment. Jainism is one of the three oldest Indian religious traditions still in existence, alongside Hinduism and Buddhism, and is an important aspect of South Asian religious belief and practice.

FAQs

MCQs

1. Who is considered the last Tirthankara of Jainism?

A) Parshva
B) Mahavira
C) Rishabha
D) Neminatha

2. What is the primary principle of Jainism?

A) Karma
B) Ahimsa (non-violence)
C) Reincarnation
D) Asceticism

3. What is the significance of the Tattvartha Sutra in Jainism?

A) A historical document
B) A philosophical text
C) A book of prayers
D) A guide to rituals

4. What aspect of art is notably influenced by Jainism?

A) Paintings
B) Pottery
C) Sculpture and architecture
D) Textiles

5. Which of the following concepts is NOT a core belief in Jainism?

A) Ahimsa
B) Karma
C) Salvation through material wealth
D) Self-discipline

GS Mains Questions and Model Answers

Q1: Examine the historical origins of Jainism and its impact on Indian society.

Answer: Jainism traces its historical origins to the 6th century BCE, with its teachings attributed primarily to Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara. The roots of Jain philosophy, however, extend further back, likely connecting to earlier ascetic traditions in ancient India. Jainism emerged as a reformative movement advocating non-violence (ahimsa), truth, and self-discipline, in response to the prevailing social and religious norms. Its impact on Indian society has been profound, influencing various aspects such as ethics, governance, and cultural practices. The emphasis on ahimsa has permeated Indian society, shaping its moral and ethical framework and significantly impacting movements for social justice and animal rights. Additionally, Jain art and architecture, particularly the exquisite temples and sculptures, reflect its rich cultural heritage, contributing to the broader tapestry of Indian civilization.

Q2: Discuss the role of Jainism in promoting non-violence and its relevance in contemporary times.

Answer: Jainism's core principle of ahimsa, or non-violence, has played a pivotal role in shaping India's ethical and moral landscape. This emphasis on non-violence extends beyond physical actions to encompass thoughts and words, promoting compassion for all living beings. The teachings of Jainism have significantly influenced notable figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, who adopted the philosophy of ahimsa in his struggle for India’s independence. In contemporary times, the relevance of Jainism's non-violent principles is paramount, especially in addressing issues such as environmental sustainability, animal rights, and conflict resolution. As societies grapple with violence and conflict, the teachings of Jainism provide a framework for peaceful coexistence and the promotion of harmony among diverse communities, highlighting the need for compassion and ethical responsibility in an increasingly interconnected world.

Q3: Analyze the contributions of Jain philosophy to Indian art and culture.

Answer: Jain philosophy has made significant contributions to Indian art and culture, particularly through its unique architectural styles and intricate artistic expressions. Jain temples, known for their detailed carvings and elaborate sculptures, exemplify the richness of Jain artistic heritage. Notable examples include the Dilwara Temples in Rajasthan, which showcase exquisite marble craftsmanship and intricate designs. The sculptures within these temples often depict Tirthankaras, celestial beings, and scenes from Jain scriptures, reflecting the deep spiritual and cultural values of Jainism. Moreover, Jain literature has contributed significantly to Indian culture, with texts that encompass philosophy, ethics, and spiritual practices. The Tattvartha Sutra, a key philosophical work, has played a crucial role in shaping Jain thought and has influenced broader Indian philosophical discourse. Jain festivals, rituals, and traditions also enrich Indian cultural practices, emphasizing values such as compassion, non-violence, and truth. This integration of Jain ideals into various aspects of Indian culture illustrates the enduring legacy of Jainism and its profound influence on the arts and societal values throughout history.

Previous Year Questions on the Origin of Jainism

1. UPSC CSE Prelims 2021:

Question: Who is considered the last Tirthankara in Jainism?

A) Rishabha
B) Mahavira
C) Parshva
D) Neminatha

Answer: (B)

Explanation: Mahavira is regarded as the last Tirthankara in Jainism, significantly shaping the religion's teachings and practices.

2. UPSC CSE Mains 2019 (GS Paper 1):

Question: Analyze the socio-cultural impact of Jainism on Indian society.

Answer: Jainism has profoundly influenced Indian society through its teachings of non-violence, truth, and asceticism. The emphasis on ahimsa has contributed to a culture of compassion and respect for all life forms, impacting social norms and ethical conduct. Jain merchants, particularly during the medieval period, played a significant role in trade, contributing to economic development while adhering to Jain principles. Moreover, Jain art and architecture, reflected in the construction of intricate temples and sculptures, have enriched India’s cultural heritage. Festivals and rituals associated with Jainism promote values such as community service and social harmony, thus enhancing the social fabric of Indian society. Overall, Jainism’s impact on Indian culture and society is multifaceted, promoting ethical values and cultural diversity.