What are the risk factors for lung carcinoma ? Describe the morphological features of three major histological types of lung carcinoma.
Risk Factors for Lung Carcinoma:
The most significant risk factor is tobacco smoking (active and passive), responsible for 85–90% of cases. Other important contributors include radon gas, asbestos, heavy metals such as arsenic and chromium, air pollution (particulate matter), ionizing radiation, and a family history of lung cancer. Pre-existing lung diseases like pulmonary fibrosis or COPD, genetic predisposition, and certain occupational exposures (mining, construction, chemical industries) further elevate risk.
Morphological Features of Major Histological Types:
Adenocarcinoma: Most common, often in non-smokers; arises peripherally with glandular differentiation, mucin production, forming acini, tubules, or papillae.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Centrally located, strongly smoking-associated; shows keratin pearls, intercellular bridges, and polygonal cells with dense cytoplasm.
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC): Highly aggressive, smoking-related; small cells with scant cytoplasm, “salt and pepper” chromatin, high mitotic activity, and widespread necrosis, originating from neuroendocrine cells.
Answered By:
Describe the formation, course and branches of ulnar nerve. Which muscles do each of the branches supply? Why is ulnar nerve called the "musician's nerve"?
Name the nerves and their branches that supply the sole of the foot stating the specific area of their distribution. Explain in brief what is Morton's metatarsalgia.
Classify jaundice according to its aetiology. Make a tabular representation of the blood, urinary and stool findings observed in different types ofjaundice.
Describe the process of generation and conduction of nerve impulses in humans. Add a note on saltatory conduction.
With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the innervation and functions of muscle spindle.
Using a well labelled diagram, trace the taste pathway from circumvallate papillae of tongue to the cerebral cortex.
Enumerate any five tests for the assessment of renal tubular functions. Explain the underlying principle and their interpretation.
Explain the role of biotin in intermediary metabolism with suitable examples. Add a note on the mechanism of action of any biotin-antagonist with its application in medicine.
Define cardiac output and describe the regulation of cardiac output in normal adults. Add a note on Cardiac Index and Cardiac Reserve.
Define Systemic Vascular Resistance and list its determinants. Briefly explain the role of its determinants.
How will you manage a case of misplaced copper-T (Cu-T)?
Describe the embryogenesis, clinical features and principles of management of cleft palate.
Write short notes in 150 words:
Metagenesis
Write short notes in 150 words:
Book lungs
Write short notes in 150 words:
Paedomorphosis