Give an illustrated account of reproduction in sponges.
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) display remarkable versatility in their reproductive strategies, employing both asexual and sexual methods.
Asexual Reproduction:

2. Gemmule Formation: This is a specialized form of asexual reproduction, particularly common in freshwater sponges and some marine species, acting as a survival strategy during harsh conditions (e.g., drought, cold). Gemmules are internal buds, resistant capsules containing archaeocytes (totipotent cells) protected by a thick, spicule-reinforced coat. When conditions improve, the archaeocytes emerge through an opening called the micropyle and develop into a new sponge.

Sexual Reproduction:
Most sponges are hermaphroditic, meaning they possess both male and female reproductive cells, though they often exhibit sequential hermaphroditism (producing eggs and sperm at different times to prevent self-fertilization).
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