Match the following:List - I
(Stages of PLC)List - II
(Critical factors)(a) Introduction (i) Cost efficiency (b) Growth (ii) Marketing effectiveness (c) Maturity (iii) Advertising and Distribution (d) Obsolescence (iv) Product Development and Design
(a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
The product life cycle passes through introduction, growth, maturity and decline (obsolescence), and the factor most critical to success shifts from stage to stage. Each stage is matched to its critical factor.
At the introduction stage the product is brand new and unproven, so getting the offering itself right through product development and design is the critical factor, giving (a)-(iv). In the growth stage, when demand is taking off, building awareness and making the product widely available through advertising and distribution is critical, giving (b)-(iii). At maturity, with many competitors and near-saturated demand, marketing effectiveness - sharp differentiation, positioning and promotion to defend share - becomes critical, giving (c)-(ii). In the obsolescence (decline) stage, with falling sales, cost efficiency is critical to protect shrinking margins and decide whether to harvest or exit, giving (d)-(i).
Putting these together gives (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i), which is the first code. The pattern is a logical shift of emphasis from product, to reach, to marketing, to cost as the product ages.
Hence the correct match is (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i).
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