Make a schematic flowchart of pathogenesis of Salmonella causing enteric fever. Mention two important categories of drug resistance in Salmonella typhi.
Pathogenesis of Salmonella causing Enteric Fever (Flowchart):
Ingestion of Salmonella typhi (contaminated food/water)
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Survival of gastric acid, Invasion of small intestine (M cells, enterocytes)
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Uptake by Macrophages in Peyer's Patches
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Replication within macrophages, Dissemination via lymphatic system and bloodstream
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Colonization of reticuloendothelial organs (liver, spleen, bone marrow)
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Secondary bacteremia, Release of bacteria into bloodstream
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Clinical manifestations: Fever, headache, abdominal pain, rose spots, organ damage
Two important categories of drug resistance in Salmonella typhi:
- Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR): Resistance to first-line antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
- Fluoroquinolone Resistance: Reduced susceptibility or resistance to drugs like ciprofloxacin, often due to mutations in gyrA and parC genes.
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