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Question

Make a schematic flowchart of pathogenesis of Salmonella causing enteric fever. Mention two important categories of drug resistance in Salmonella typhi. 

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CSE 2025 (Prelims) CSAT Official Paper (25-May-2025)

Pathogenesis of Salmonella causing Enteric Fever (Flowchart):

Ingestion of Salmonella typhi (contaminated food/water)

Survival of gastric acid, Invasion of small intestine (M cells, enterocytes)

Uptake by Macrophages in Peyer's Patches

Replication within macrophages, Dissemination via lymphatic system and bloodstream

Colonization of reticuloendothelial organs (liver, spleen, bone marrow)

Secondary bacteremia, Release of bacteria into bloodstream

Clinical manifestations: Fever, headache, abdominal pain, rose spots, organ damage

Two important categories of drug resistance in Salmonella typhi:

  1. Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR): Resistance to first-line antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
  2. Fluoroquinolone Resistance: Reduced susceptibility or resistance to drugs like ciprofloxacin, often due to mutations in gyrA and parC genes.

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