Given below are four sentences in jumbled order. Pick the option that gives their correct order. A. An allergy is a reaction of the immune system to a substance which is normally harmless. B. These antibodies then attach themselves to cells, which contain histamine, which inflames the tissues. C. One-third of us are affected by an allergy at some point in our lives. D. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances because it believes them to be dangerous.
Ordering Jumbled Sentences about Allergies
The question asks us to arrange four jumbled sentences into a coherent paragraph that discusses allergies. To do this, we need to read each sentence carefully and determine the logical flow of information.
Here are the sentences provided:
- A. An allergy is a reaction of the immune system to a substance which is normally harmless.
- B. These antibodies then attach themselves to cells, which contain histamine, which inflames the tissues.
- C. One-third of us are affected by an allergy at some point in our lives.
- D. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances because it believes them to be dangerous.
Let's analyze the sentences to find a logical starting point and subsequent sequence:
- Sentence C gives a statistic about how common allergies are. This often serves as a good introduction to a topic.
- Sentence A defines what an allergy is. A definition usually follows an introduction or can serve as a starting point itself.
- Sentence D explains the underlying reason for the allergic reaction – the immune system's mistaken identification of harmless substances as dangerous, leading to the production of antibodies. This explains the "why" behind the reaction defined in A.
- Sentence B describes the mechanism that follows the production of antibodies mentioned in D – how these antibodies cause inflammation by attaching to cells containing histamine. This explains the "how" of the physical reaction.
Considering this analysis, a logical flow would be to start with the prevalence (C), define the term (A), explain the cause or trigger mechanism at the immune system level (D), and finally describe the physical reaction mechanism involving antibodies and histamine (B).
Let's test the proposed order: C A D B
- C. One-third of us are affected by an allergy at some point in our lives. (Introduces the topic and its relevance)
- A. An allergy is a reaction of the immune system to a substance which is normally harmless. (Defines the term allergy)
- D. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances because it believes them to be dangerous. (Explains *why* the immune system reacts in allergy sufferers, mentioning antibodies)
- B. These antibodies then attach themselves to cells, which contain histamine, which inflames the tissues. (Describes the specific mechanism involving the antibodies mentioned in D and their effect)
This sequence forms a cohesive paragraph that progresses from a general statement about allergies to their definition, the immune system's role, and the resulting physical mechanism. Therefore, the correct order is CADB.
| Sentence | Content | Role in Paragraph |
|---|---|---|
| C | Prevalence of allergy | Introduction/Context |
| A | Definition of allergy | Explanation of term |
| D | Immune system's role & antibody production | Cause/Mechanism trigger |
| B | Antibody-histamine reaction & inflammation | Effect/Physical mechanism |
Comparing this order to the given options, we find that CADB matches option 3.
Revision Table: Understanding Allergies
| Concept | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Allergy | An inappropriate reaction by the immune system to a harmless substance. |
| Immune System | The body's defense system that protects against harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. In allergies, it mistakes harmless substances as threats. |
| Antibodies | Proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects. In allergies, specific antibodies (IgE) are produced against allergens. |
| Histamine | A chemical stored in certain cells (like mast cells). When antibodies trigger these cells in an allergic reaction, histamine is released, causing symptoms like itching, swelling, and inflammation. |
Additional Information on Allergic Reactions
Allergic reactions occur when the body's immune system overreacts to a substance called an allergen, which is typically harmless to most people. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, animal dander, insect stings, certain foods, and medications.
When an allergy-prone person is exposed to an allergen, their immune system produces a type of antibody called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in tissues throughout the body, particularly in the skin, lungs, and digestive tract.
Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, the allergen binds to the IgE antibodies on the mast cells. This binding signals the mast cells to release various chemicals, including histamine. Histamine is a potent mediator of allergic symptoms. It causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky, leading to swelling and redness. It also stimulates nerve endings (causing itching) and causes smooth muscles in the airways to constrict (leading to breathing difficulties in asthma). The release of histamine and other chemicals results in the characteristic symptoms of an allergic reaction, which can range from mild (like sneezing, itching, hives) to severe (like anaphylaxis).
Understanding the role of the immune system, antibodies, and histamine is key to understanding how allergies work and why they cause specific symptoms.
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