Describe the various tests prescribed for blood and seminal stains obtained during the examination of a victim of rape and their role in the investigation.
Tests for Blood Stains:
Presumptive Tests: Kastle-Meyer and Leucomalachite Green detect hemochromogen formation, providing rapid, sensitive indication of blood presence; not human-specific.
Confirmatory Tests: Teichmann and Takayama tests identify hemoglobin crystals, confirming blood.
Species Identification: Antihuman hemoglobin immunoassays differentiate human from animal blood.
Blood Grouping/DNA Analysis: ABO typing or STR-based DNA profiling from white blood cells provides definitive identification or exclusion of suspects.
Tests for Seminal Stains:
Presumptive: Acid phosphatase (AP) test detects prostate-specific enzyme; highly sensitive but not fully specific.
Confirmatory: Microscopy visualizes spermatozoa; P30/PSA immunoassay detects human seminal protein, confirming human semen.
DNA Analysis: STR profiling from sperm or epithelial cells establishes the perpetrator’s genetic identity; differential lysis separates male and female DNA if mixed.
Role in Investigation: These tests confirm biological fluids, establish human origin, and provide genetic evidence, crucial in forensic and rape investigations.
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