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Question

Describe steps of wound healing by first intention. Enumerate factors that influence tissue repair.

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CSE 2025 (Prelims) CSAT Official Paper (25-May-2025)

Wound Healing by First Intention (Primary Union):
Occurs in clean, uninfected wounds with well-approximated edges, such as surgical incisions or minor cuts.

Initial Hemostasis & Inflammation (Day 0–2): Blood clot forms, filling the wound gap. Neutrophils migrate to clear debris, bacteria, and necrotic tissue, initiating the inflammatory response.

Proliferation & Epithelialization (Day 2–5): Basal epidermal cells at the wound margins proliferate and migrate beneath the clot, forming a continuous epithelial layer. Fibroblasts infiltrate and deposit collagen, while angiogenesis produces new capillaries, creating granulation tissue.

Maturation & Remodeling (Week 2 onwards): Collagen deposition increases tensile strength. Granulation tissue is gradually replaced by a pale, avascular scar. Collagen fibers reorganize, and fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts, aiding contraction. Scar tissue becomes less cellular and vascular over weeks to months.

Factors Influencing Healing: Systemic: Nutrition, diabetes, circulation, hormones, age, comorbidities. Local: Infection, mechanical stress, foreign bodies, wound type, ischemia, and radiation therapy.

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