Enumerate four major primary glomerulonephritides presenting with nephrotic syndrome. Describe pathogenesis, light microscopic, immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopic findings of post-infectious glomerulonephritis.
Major Primary Glomerulonephritides Presenting with Nephrotic Syndrome:
Minimal Change Disease (MCD): Most common in children; podocyte effacement on electron microscopy; normal light microscopy.
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): Segmental sclerosis of some glomeruli; can be primary or secondary; podocyte injury is central.
Membranous Nephropathy (MN): Thickened glomerular basement membrane; subepithelial immune deposits; often autoimmune or secondary to infections/drugs.
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN): Mesangial proliferation with capillary wall thickening; immune complex or complement-mediated.
Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN): Often post Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus infection after 1–4 weeks; immune complexes deposit in glomeruli, activating complement and recruiting inflammatory cells.
Microscopic Findings:
Light Microscopy: Diffuse glomerular proliferation with neutrophil and monocyte infiltration; capillary loops may be occluded.
Immunofluorescence: Granular IgG, IgM, and C3 deposits (“lumpy-bumpy”) in mesangium and capillary walls.
Electron Microscopy: Subepithelial electron-dense deposits forming characteristic “humps” on the glomerular basement membrane.
Answered By:
Similar Questions
Classify jaundice according to its aetiology. Make a tabular representation of the blood, urinary and stool findings observed in different types ofjaundice.
Describe the formation, course and branches of ulnar nerve. Which muscles do each of the branches supply? Why is ulnar nerve called the "musician's nerve"?
Name the nerves and their branches that supply the sole of the foot stating the specific area of their distribution. Explain in brief what is Morton's metatarsalgia.
With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the innervation and functions of muscle spindle.
Describe the process of generation and conduction of nerve impulses in humans. Add a note on saltatory conduction.
Using a well labelled diagram, trace the taste pathway from circumvallate papillae of tongue to the cerebral cortex.
Enumerate any five tests for the assessment of renal tubular functions. Explain the underlying principle and their interpretation.
Explain the role of biotin in intermediary metabolism with suitable examples. Add a note on the mechanism of action of any biotin-antagonist with its application in medicine.
Define Systemic Vascular Resistance and list its determinants. Briefly explain the role of its determinants.
Define cardiac output and describe the regulation of cardiac output in normal adults. Add a note on Cardiac Index and Cardiac Reserve.
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
Write a note in 150 words
Mendelian and non-Mendelian traits.Write a note in 150 words
Theoretical significance of Purum kinship-system.Write a note in 150 words
Smell as a signal among non-human primates.Write a note in 150 words
Osteodontokeratik culture and its makers.Discuss the Miocene hominoid remains and their significance in evolution.
