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Question

Do you think that new economic reforms of British rule have disrupted the old economic system of India? Substantiate your answer with suitable examples. 

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CSE 2025 (Prelims) CSAT Official Paper (25-May-2025)

Absolutely, the new economic reforms introduced by British rule in India drastically disrupted the old economic system, fundamentally transforming it from a largely self-sufficient, agrarian, and artisanal economy into a colonial appendage serving British industrial and commercial interests. This wasn't merely a modification but a systematic dismantling of existing structures.

Before British rule, India boasted a thriving local economy with self-sufficient village communities, vibrant craft industries, and a robust internal trade network. The British introduced a series of policies that systematically undermined this. Firstly, the land revenue systems like the Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari, replaced traditional systems based on local custom with fixed, high cash payments. This monetized the economy, pushed farmers into debt, and led to the widespread transfer of land from cultivators to non-cultivating owners, dissolving the traditional communal land arrangements and creating a new class of absentee landlords and impoverished peasantry.

Secondly, the deindustrialization of India was a direct consequence of British policies. India's renowned textile industry, for example, was deliberately suppressed through high tariffs on Indian goods entering Britain and free entry of cheap, machine-made British textiles into India. This ruined millions of Indian artisans and weavers, converting them into landless laborers, and effectively destroyed indigenous manufacturing capabilities. This transformation shifted India from being a major exporter of finished goods to an importer, and an exporter of raw materials to Britain.

Thirdly, the development of railways and communication networks, while seemingly modernizing, were primarily designed to facilitate the extraction of raw materials from the interior and transport finished British goods to markets, further integrating India into a global capitalist system skewed against its own interests. The introduction of commercial crops like indigo, cotton, and jute, often under coercive conditions, replaced food crops, leading to famines and a focus on export rather than local consumption. These examples clearly demonstrate how British economic policies were not just reforms but a profound disruption that irrevocably altered and largely impoverished India's old economic system.

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Sarvesh Jha

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