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Question

Do you think that forced displacement of labourers has caused their deprivation and resultant inequalities during the recent past years? Elaborate.

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CSE 2025 (Prelims) CSAT Official Paper (25-May-2025)

Yes, there is compelling evidence to suggest that the forced displacement of laborers, particularly in the recent past years (often exacerbated by events like the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns), has significantly caused their deprivation and exacerbated resultant inequalities in India. This displacement isn't merely a change of location; it's a profound disruption of their lives, livelihoods, and social networks.

One primary cause of deprivation stemming from forced displacement is the loss of livelihood and economic security. When laborers are suddenly forced to move, they lose their existing jobs, however precarious they might have been. The immediate impact is a cessation of income, making it impossible to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare. The lockdown during the pandemic vividly illustrated this, as millions of migrant workers were left jobless overnight and faced immense hardships.

Secondly, displacement often leads to deep indebtedness. Many migrant laborers take loans to travel or to support their families back home. Losing their income source means they cannot repay these loans, pushing them into a spiral of debt, often leading to asset sales and further impoverishment. This creates an even greater inequality compared to their employers or those who remained in stable jobs.

Thirdly, access to essential services and social protection diminishes dramatically during displacement. Displaced laborers often lack formal identity documents in their new locations, making it difficult to access public distribution systems, health services, or even emergency relief. They become invisible to welfare programs, deepening their deprivation. Their children often miss out on schooling, impacting their future prospects and perpetuating intergenerational poverty.

Furthermore, displacement breaks down existing social support networks. Family, caste, and village networks, which typically provide a crucial safety net in times of crisis, become inaccessible when individuals are far from home. This social isolation adds to their vulnerability and mental health burden. The act of forced displacement itself is often undignified and dehumanizing, stripping individuals of their agency and reinforcing their position at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

In essence, forced displacement transforms precarious employment into utter destitution, widens the gap between the organized and unorganized sectors, and disproportionately affects the already marginalized, thus profoundly contributing to deprivation and intensifying existing socio-economic inequalities.

Answered By:

Anushka Goel

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