Discuss the social bases of political mobilization in Independent India. Has some change occurred in these during the last 60-70 years ?
In Independent India, political mobilization has historically been rooted in caste, religion, language, and region. Caste-based mobilization has remained prominent, with backward classes, Dalits, and OBCs organizing for reservations and representation. Religious identities have shaped communal politics, while linguistic and regional assertions led to demands for separate states and greater autonomy, reflecting cultural distinctiveness.
Over the last 60–70 years, however, the nature of mobilization has undergone change. Identity politics has strengthened, but marginalized groups now use it as a tool for empowerment rather than dependency on elite patronage. Alongside identity, economic issues such as poverty, unemployment, and development have emerged as unifying concerns, cutting across social divisions. The spread of media and social media has further transformed mobilization, creating faster, issue-based movements. Thus, while caste, religion, language, and region remain central, their forms have evolved in response to democratic expansion and socio-economic change.
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