Artifacts that arise and affect the internal validity in research are: (a) History (b) Randomisation (c) Maturity (d) Instrumentation (e) Experimental mortality (f) Matching
(a), (c), (d) and (e)
To solve this question, we need to identify which factors from the list of options are artifacts that can affect the internal validity of research. Internal validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the effects of the independent variable rather than other potential factors. Let's examine each option:
- History: This is an artifact that can affect internal validity. It refers to events that occur between the pre-test and post-test measurement that are not related to the experimental manipulation and can affect the dependent variable.
- Randomisation: This is a method used to enhance the internal validity of an experiment by reducing the selection bias, but it itself is not an artifact.
- Maturity: This refers to processes within the participants operating as a function of time (such as growing older or more experienced) rather than due to the independent variable. Thus, it can affect internal validity.
- Instrumentation: Changes in measurement tools or techniques that produce changes in the outcomes are considered artifacts that can affect internal validity.
- Experimental mortality: Also known as attrition, this occurs when participants drop out of the study, which can affect the outcomes and thus impact internal validity.
- Matching: Similar to randomisation, matching is used to control for variables outside of the experiment, ensuring comparable groups. It is not an artifact.
According to the analysis above, the factors that are artifacts affecting internal validity are:
- History
- Maturity
- Instrumentation
- Experimental Mortality
Therefore, the correct answer comprises options (a), (c), (d), and (e), which matches the second choice given among the options.
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(i) Sample Selection
(ii) Formulation of a plan
(iii) Deciding about the tool for data collection
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(v) Choice of a field of inquiry
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(a) Comparison
(b) Control
(c) Reactivity
(d) Manipulation
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(f) Generalisation
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(B) One group after-only design
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(D) Latin square design
(E) One-group before-after design
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The 'Age' of a respondent is an example of
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