Pollution occurs in multiple forms, including air pollution (smog, greenhouse gases), water pollution (chemical and biological contaminants in aquatic systems), soil pollution (pesticides, plastics, heavy metals), noise pollution (unwanted loud sounds), and thermal pollution (temperature alterations in water bodies). Among these, water pollution is a major concern, arising from agricultural runoff carrying fertilizers and pesticides, industrial effluents rich in toxic chemicals and heavy metals, sewage discharge introducing pathogens and organic matter, and urban runoff containing oils and plastics. Indicators of water pollution include changes in color, foul odors, oil films, floating debris, fish mortality, and excessive algal blooms leading to eutrophication. Assessment of water quality relies on physical parameters (turbidity, temperature, pH), chemical parameters (Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, nutrient concentrations, heavy metals), and biological indicators such as bacterial counts (E. coli) and aquatic invertebrates. Regular, systematic monitoring of these factors ensures early detection of contamination and helps maintain safe, usable water.