Drugs acting on Fluid Balance.
Drugs influencing fluid balance are primarily designed to regulate the body’s water and electrolyte content, with the kidney serving as the main target organ. Diuretics are the most important group, acting by increasing urine output and thus reducing extracellular fluid volume. Loop diuretics such as Furosemide inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, producing a rapid and powerful diuretic effect. Thiazide diuretics (e.g., Hydrochlorothiazide) act on the distal convoluted tubule, producing moderate diuresis and also lowering blood pressure. Potassium-sparing diuretics like Spironolactone block aldosterone receptors, promoting sodium excretion while conserving potassium, which prevents hypokalemia. In contrast, antidiuretic drugs such as vasopressin (ADH) analogs reduce water loss by enhancing reabsorption in the collecting ducts, useful in managing diabetes insipidus. Furthermore, intravenous fluid therapy, though not strictly pharmacological, plays a vital role in correcting dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and shock in veterinary practice.
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