Who among the following formed the National Liberation Federation (Liberal Party)?
T. B. Sapru and M. R. Jayakar
Understanding the National Liberal Federation
The question asks about the formation of the National Liberation Federation, also known as the Liberal Party in the context of Indian politics during the early 20th century. This party emerged as a result of a split within the Indian National Congress.
During a crucial period in Indian history, differences arose within the Indian National Congress regarding the future direction of the nationalist movement, particularly concerning constitutional reforms proposed by the British government.
In 1918, following disagreements over the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, a group of moderate leaders decided to separate from the Indian National Congress. This group formed the National Liberal Federation of India.
Key leaders who were instrumental in the formation and leadership of the National Liberal Federation included:
- Surendranath Banerjea (often considered the founder)
- Tej Bahadur Sapru (T. B. Sapru)
- M. R. Jayakar
- Srinivasa Sastri
- Pherozeshah Mehta (though he passed away earlier, his followers were key)
- Dinshaw Wacha
Let's examine the given options based on this information:
- Option 1: Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das - Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das were prominent leaders of the Swaraj Party, which was formed within the Indian National Congress in 1923, following disagreements over Council entry. They were not founders or leaders of the National Liberal Federation.
- Option 2: Muhammad Ali and C. R. Das - Muhammad Ali was a leading figure in the Khilafat Movement and later associated with the Muslim League. While C. R. Das was a Congress leader and founder of the Swaraj Party, neither of them formed the National Liberal Federation.
- Option 3: T. B. Sapru and M. R. Jayakar - Tej Bahadur Sapru and M. R. Jayakar were indeed prominent leaders and key members of the National Liberal Federation of India. They played significant roles in its activities and represented the moderate viewpoint that led to the split from Congress.
- Option 4: M. R. Jayakar and C. R. Das - While M. R. Jayakar was a leader of the National Liberal Federation, C. R. Das was not. C. R. Das was associated with the Indian National Congress and the Swaraj Party.
Based on historical facts, T. B. Sapru and M. R. Jayakar were significant figures associated with the formation and leadership of the National Liberation Federation (Liberal Party).
Analysis of Options
| Leaders | Political Association | Connection to National Liberal Federation |
|---|---|---|
| Motilal Nehru & C. R. Das | Indian National Congress, Swaraj Party | No |
| Muhammad Ali & C. R. Das | Khilafat Movement, Muslim League (Muhammad Ali); Congress, Swaraj Party (C. R. Das) | No |
| T. B. Sapru & M. R. Jayakar | National Liberal Federation | Yes |
| M. R. Jayakar & C. R. Das | National Liberal Federation (M. R. Jayakar); Congress, Swaraj Party (C. R. Das) | No (Combination is incorrect) |
Therefore, the pair of leaders who formed the National Liberation Federation (Liberal Party) from the given options is T. B. Sapru and M. R. Jayakar, as they were key figures in this political group.
Revision Table: Key Political Parties and Leaders (Early 20th Century India)
| Party/Group | Key Leaders | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Indian National Congress (Moderates) | Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjea (initially), Dadabhai Naoroji | Advocated constitutional methods before the split. |
| Indian National Congress (Extremists) | Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal (Lal-Bal-Pal) | Advocated more assertive methods for Swaraj. |
| National Liberal Federation | Surendranath Banerjea, T. B. Sapru, M. R. Jayakar, Srinivasa Sastri | Split from Congress in 1918 over Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, representing moderate views. |
| Swaraj Party | C. R. Das, Motilal Nehru | Formed within Congress in 1923 to contest council elections. |
Additional Information on National Liberal Federation
The National Liberal Federation of India represented the moderate stream of Indian nationalism after the split from the Indian National Congress in 1918. They generally favoured constitutional methods to achieve self-government and often participated in legislative councils under British rule. Leaders like T. B. Sapru and M. R. Jayakar played crucial roles in Round Table Conferences and other negotiations with the British government, advocating for Indian rights and constitutional progress from a liberal perspective.
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