The following question consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and the sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labelled P, Q, R and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly. S1: Civilization dawned when early man learnt how to produce heat and energy by burning wood. S6: When they have been used, they cannot be replaced. P: Then steam was used to produce electricity. Q: In this century great use has been made of oil and natural gas and the use of atomic reactors has also provided another source of energy. R: Much later, the first industrial revolution was based on the production of steam by burning coal. S: But none of these fuels is renewable. The correct sequence should be
R P Q S
Solving Sentence Rearrangement: Energy Sources History
This question asks us to arrange four jumbled sentences (P, Q, R, S) into a coherent paragraph between a fixed opening sentence (S1) and a fixed closing sentence (S6).
Let's first read the fixed sentences S1 and S6:
- S1: Civilization dawned when early man learnt how to produce heat and energy by burning wood.
- S6: When they have been used, they cannot be replaced.
S1 talks about the earliest form of energy use (burning wood). S6 talks about something that cannot be replaced once used, strongly suggesting non-renewable resources, which likely follows a discussion of such resources.
Now let's look at the jumbled sentences:
- P: Then steam was used to produce electricity.
- Q: In this century great use has been made of oil and natural gas and the use of atomic reactors has also provided another source of energy.
- R: Much later, the first industrial revolution was based on the production of steam by burning coal.
- S: But none of these fuels is renewable.
We need to find a logical flow connecting S1 to S6 through P, Q, R, and S.
Step-by-Step Analysis for Sentence Sequencing
Let's analyze the connections between the sentences:
- S1 introduces the burning of wood. Sentence R says "Much later", introducing coal and steam production for the first industrial revolution. This is a logical progression from S1, discussing the next major energy source in history. So, R should likely follow S1.
- Sentence P talks about using "Then steam was used to produce electricity". The word "Then" suggests this follows the introduction or production of steam. Sentence R talks about producing steam by burning coal. Therefore, P seems to follow R, explaining a subsequent use of the steam introduced in R.
- Sentence Q talks about energy sources used "In this century", mentioning oil, natural gas, and atomic reactors. This represents a more modern development compared to wood, coal, and early steam use. It should come later in the sequence, likely after R and P, which describe earlier periods.
- Sentence S states, "But none of these fuels is renewable." The phrase "these fuels" refers to the energy sources mentioned previously. Looking at R (coal) and Q (oil, natural gas, atomic), these are indeed non-renewable sources. S serves as a conclusion or comment on the nature of the fuels discussed before it. Since S6 elaborates on the non-renewability ("cannot be replaced"), S should immediately precede S6, summarizing that the discussed fuels (from R and Q) are non-renewable.
Constructing the Sequence
Based on the analysis:
- R follows S1 (history of energy sources).
- P follows R (use of steam produced in R).
- Q follows P (newer energy sources).
- S follows Q (comment on the non-renewability of fuels from R and Q).
- S6 follows S (elaboration on non-renewability).
This gives us the sequence R → P → Q → S.
Let's check this sequence in context:
S1: Civilization dawned when early man learnt how to produce heat and energy by burning wood.
R: Much later, the first industrial revolution was based on the production of steam by burning coal.
P: Then steam was used to produce electricity.
Q: In this century great use has been made of oil and natural gas and the use of atomic reactors has also provided another source of energy.
S: But none of these fuels is renewable.
S6: When they have been used, they cannot be replaced.
This arrangement makes logical sense and flows smoothly, discussing the evolution of energy sources from wood to coal/steam, then steam for electricity, to modern sources like oil, gas, and atomic energy, and finally commenting on their non-renewable nature.
Final Sequence
The proper sequence of the four sentences is R P Q S.
| Sentence | Content/Clue | Logical Position |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | Early energy (wood) | Start |
| R | Coal and steam (Industrial Revolution, "Much later") | After S1, introducing next historical step |
| P | Steam for electricity ("Then steam was used") | After R, detailing steam use |
| Q | Modern energy (oil, gas, atomic, "In this century") | After P, introducing later developments |
| S | Non-renewability ("none of these fuels") | After R and Q, comments on the fuels mentioned |
| S6 | Cannot be replaced | End, elaborates on S |
Revision Table: Paragraph Jumbling Strategy
Solving paragraph jumbling questions requires identifying connections between sentences. Here are key strategies:
- Read S1 and S6 carefully to understand the topic and the overall direction.
- Look for transition words (e.g., "Then", "Much later", "But", "Therefore") that indicate relationships between sentences.
- Identify pronouns (e.g., "these fuels", "they") and determine what nouns they refer to in previous sentences.
- Follow the flow of ideas, whether it's chronological, cause and effect, general to specific, etc.
- Try linking pairs of sentences first (e.g., R and P seem connected).
- Once a potential sequence is formed, read the entire paragraph (S1 + sequence + S6) to check for logical coherence and smooth transitions.
Additional Information: Types of Energy Resources
The passage discusses various energy sources. Energy resources are broadly classified into two categories:
- Renewable Resources: These are natural resources that are replenished at a rate equal to or faster than the rate at which they are consumed. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, geothermal energy, and biomass.
- Non-renewable Resources: These are resources that exist in a fixed amount or are consumed much faster than they are replenished by natural processes. Once depleted, they are essentially gone on a human timescale. Examples include fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and nuclear fuels (like uranium, although the fission process can be managed for longer terms than fossil fuels).
The passage highlights the historical shift from wood (renewable, but usage rate can exceed replenish rate if not managed) to major non-renewable sources like coal, oil, and natural gas, and also mentions atomic energy, which uses nuclear fuels (non-renewable in the context of readily available fissile materials). S and S6 specifically point out the key characteristic of the resources discussed in R and Q – their non-renewable nature.
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S1: In mechanical efforts, you improve by perpetual practice.
S6: There is neither excuse nor temptation for the latter.
P: He cannot go on shooting wide or falling short, and still fancy that he is making progress.
Q: This is so because the object to be attained is a matter of actual experiment in which you either succeed or fail.
R: He must either correct his aim or persevere in his error with his eyes open.
S: If a man aims at a mark with a bow and arrow, he must either hit it or aim it.
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S6: He had a set of little tools and saw of various sizes made by himself.
P: But he was known to be very clever at making things.
Q: She sent him to school.
R: Isaac was left to the care of his good old grandmother.
S: In his early years Isaac did not appear to be a very bright student.
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S1: The examination system must be regarded as the chief wrecker of young nerves.
S6: If I become a Vice-Chancellor, my first act would be to abolish all examinations in my university.
P: It makes me jump out of the bed, all in a sweat.
Q: It does this by building up a tension, for a part of the year, all through one’s youth.
R: And after four decades, the same nervousness sometimes recurs to me in nightmares.
S: I remember the desperate nervousness that used to grip me from January to April every year.
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S1: History is a subject that is so little valued today that it is almost impossible to win world fame as a historian, yet that is exactly what Toynbee was able to.
S6: Among the civilizations that he studied was that of India.
P: We usually think of history as a chronological account of the development of various states and empires under the ruler.
Q: Toynbee’s view of history was different.
R: He tries to find the pattern behind the birth, growth and decay of civilization.
S: Though he used the recorded history of mankind, he was interested not merely in the chronology of single states or group but in the rise and fall of whole civilizations.
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