Which one of the following is true for Teriparatide for treatment of osteoporosis?
It is a fragment of human PTH and works by stimulating new bone formation.
Teriparatide is a recombinant fragment (amino acids 1-34) of human parathyroid hormone. Given intermittently (daily subcutaneous injection), it has an anabolic effect that stimulates new bone formation, unlike continuous PTH exposure which is catabolic. RANKL inhibition describes denosumab, and yearly dosing describes zoledronic acid, not teriparatide; it is generally not combined with bisphosphonates as this can blunt its anabolic effect.
Consider the following statements regarding Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA):
1. DXA is used to measure bone mineral density.
2. It works on the principle that calcium in bone attenuates passage of X-rays through the tissue in proportion to the amount of mineral present.
3. Osteoporosis is defined to be present when the T-score lies between (-1.0) and below (+2.5).
4. Co-existing conditions, e.g., aortic calcification or degenerative disc disease can cause high bone mineral density even in the presence of osteoporosis.
Which of the statements given above are correct?