A 35-year-old man presented with serial blood pressure recordings of above 140/90 mmHg. Which one of the following signs is not a clue for an underlying cause of hypertension (secondary hypertension)?
Vitiligo
Radio-femoral delay suggests coarctation of aorta, enlarged kidneys suggest polycystic kidney disease, and bull neck/buffalo hump suggest Cushing's syndrome - all recognized secondary hypertension clues. Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin condition with no established association with secondary hypertension.
A 71-year-old male presents with headache, dizziness, nausea with palpitations. The patient is already on treatment for diabetes and hypertension. The blood pressure reading is 220/140 mmHg. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. This is a case of hypertensive emergency which can be managed by intravenous sodium nitroprusside.
2. An immediate normalization of the blood pressure should be the target.
3. Secondary causes of hypertension like renovascular disease are uncommon in patients with hypertensive emergency.
Select the answer using the code given below:
Retinal ischaemia, flame-shaped haemorrhages and cotton-wool exudates are fundoscopy findings in which of the following grades of hypertensive retinopathy?
1. Grade 1
2. Grade 2
3. Grade 3
4. Grade 4
Select the correct answer using the code given below: