Which of the following statements is contradictory to the statement - "Some birds are mammals"?
No birds are mammals.
Concept — the square of opposition and contradiction: The four categorical propositions (A, E, I, O) are related on the traditional square of opposition. The key relation here is contradiction, which links diagonally opposite corners: A with O, and E with I. Contradictories can never share a truth value — exactly one of the pair is true and the other false, always.
Classify the given statement: "Some birds are mammals" is a particular affirmative, an I-type proposition. On the square, the contradictory of an I proposition is its diagonally opposite E proposition (same subject and predicate, made universal and negative).
Form the contradictory: the E form of "Some birds are mammals" is No birds are mammals. If it is true that some birds are mammals, then it is false that no birds are mammals, and vice versa — their truth values are always opposite, which is exactly what contradiction requires.
Why the other options are wrong:
"Some birds are not mammals" is the O proposition. On the square, I and O are sub-contraries, not contradictories; sub-contraries can both be true at once, so this does not reliably reverse the truth value.
"Some mammals are birds" is simply the converse of the original I statement and expresses essentially the same claim, so it agrees with the original rather than contradicting it.
"Some mammals are not birds" is a different O statement about a different subject class and has no fixed opposition to the given statement.
Takeaway: The contradictory of an I statement is always the corresponding E statement ("Some are" ↔ "None are").
Correct answer: No birds are mammals.
Similar Questions
In a square of opposition, if 'No animals with horns are carnivores' is false, which of the following is the correct code?
codes:
A. 'Some animals with horns are carnivores' is true.
B. 'Some animals with horns are not carnivores' is true.
C. 'All animals with horns are carnivores' is false
D. 'All the animals with horns are carnivores' is undermined.Which of the following statements are logically equivalent?
A. Some cricketers are kind men.
B. Some kind men are cricketers.
C. Some cricketers are not non-kind men.
D. Some non-kind men are not non-cricketers.
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If the statement-"Some athletes are kind human beings" is given as true, then which of the following statements can be immediately inferred to be false?
If the statement - "Some animals are not birds" is given as false, then which of the following statements can be immediately inferred to be false?
Which of the following is contrary to the statement "No mammals are birds"?
If the statement "Some animals are birds" is given as false then which of the following statements can be immediately inferred to be false?
Which of the following propositions can be directly inferred from the statement - "All mammals are four-legged animals?
Which of the following statements are contradictory to each other?
A. All objects are perishable.
B. Some objects are not perishable.
C. Some objects are perishable.
D. No objects are perishable.
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Which of the following statements is contradictory to the statement-" all dogs are friendly animals" ?
Important Questions from Classical Square of Opposition
Which of the following statements are so related that they can not both be true but could both be false?
A. All Biologists are outstanding teachers.
B. Some Biologists are outstanding teachers.
C. No Biologists are outstanding teachers.
D. Some Biologists are not outstanding teachers.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
- Which of the following propositions are so related that they can neither be true together nor can they be false together?
A. All printers are computer peripherals.
B. Some computer peripherals are printers.
C. Some printers are not computer peripherals.
D. No printers are computer peripherals.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: - Which of the following statements contradict each other ?
A. All ducks are birds.
B. Some ducks are birds.
C. Some ducks are not birds.
D. No ducks are birds.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below : - If the statement "No birds are animals" is given as false, which of the following statements can be inferred to be true ?
A. Some animals are not birds.
B. Some birds are not animals.
C. Some animals are birds.
D. Some birds are animals.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below : - Which of the following statements are sub-contraries?
A. All sparrows are birds.
B. No sparrows are birds.
C. Some sparrows are birds.
D. Some sparrows are not birds.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
