Directions: In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the answer sheet. S1: The principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended far beyond the USA through the impact of economic globalisation. S6: Such pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy. P: Strong downward pressure has also been exerted on public spending, and particularly welfare budgets. Q: Moreover the need to promote product and labour flexibility has often led to trade union activity. R: Globalisation has promoted marketisation in a variety of ways. S: Governments reduce tax levels in the hope of attracting 'inward' investment.
RSPQ
Solving Jumbled Sentences on Economic Globalisation
This question requires us to arrange four jumbled sentences (P, Q, R, S) in a logical sequence to form a coherent passage between the given first sentence (S1) and the sixth sentence (S6). Let's analyze each sentence carefully.
- S1: The principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended far beyond the USA through the impact of economic globalisation. (Introduces the topic: economic globalisation and its spread of enterprise capitalism principles).
- S6: Such pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy. (Concluding sentence: refers to 'pressures' that shape the 'new' political economy).
- P: Strong downward pressure has also been exerted on public spending, and particularly welfare budgets. (Discusses pressure on government spending).
- Q: Moreover the need to promote product and labour flexibility has often led to trade union activity. (Discusses flexibility requirements and impact on trade unions, using "Moreover" suggesting it follows other points).
- R: Globalisation has promoted marketisation in a variety of ways. (Connects globalisation to marketisation).
- S: Governments reduce tax levels in the hope of attracting 'inward' investment. (Gives a specific example of government action, likely related to marketisation or attracting business).
Step-by-Step Analysis for Sentence Ordering
Let's find the sentence that logically follows S1. S1 talks about economic globalisation and its impact. Sentence R directly links globalisation to "marketisation in a variety of ways". This seems like a natural continuation, describing one of the key impacts of globalisation.
So, R is likely the first sentence after S1 (S1 \(\rightarrow\) R).
Now let's consider which sentence might follow R. R states that globalisation promotes marketisation in various ways. Sentence S provides a specific example of a government action that promotes marketisation or aligns with enterprise capitalism principles and attracts investment: reducing tax levels. Attracting 'inward' investment is a direct consequence of marketisation efforts and aligns with the principles of enterprise capitalism mentioned in S1.
This suggests that S follows R (R \(\rightarrow\) S).
Next, let's see what could follow S. S describes governments reducing tax levels to attract investment. This is a policy choice that often leads to financial pressures on the government. Sentence P talks about "Strong downward pressure... on public spending, and particularly welfare budgets." This pressure could logically arise from governments reducing tax revenue (as mentioned in S) or from a general policy shift towards reducing the role of the state in line with marketisation/enterprise capitalism. The word "also" in P suggests it's adding another point related to government/economic changes already discussed.
This indicates that P could follow S (S \(\rightarrow\) P).
Finally, let's see what could follow P. P discusses pressure on public spending. Sentence Q starts with "Moreover," which indicates it is adding another point. Q talks about promoting "product and labour flexibility" and its effect on "trade union activity." The drive for flexibility in product and labour markets is also a characteristic of marketisation and enterprise capitalism, often pursued alongside policies like tax cuts and reduced public spending to create a more 'competitive' environment. The phrase "such pressures" in S6 seems to refer to the economic and social consequences discussed in P and Q (pressure on budgets, labour flexibility issues). Thus, Q acts as another example of the pressures arising from the economic changes discussed, leading into S6.
This suggests that Q follows P, and the sequence P \(\rightarrow\) Q naturally leads into S6.
Combining these links, we get the sequence R \(\rightarrow\) S \(\rightarrow\) P \(\rightarrow\) Q. Let's read the full passage with this order:
S1: The principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended far beyond the USA through the impact of economic globalisation.
R: Globalisation has promoted marketisation in a variety of ways.
S: Governments reduce tax levels in the hope of attracting 'inward' investment.
P: Strong downward pressure has also been exerted on public spending, and particularly welfare budgets.
Q: Moreover the need to promote product and labour flexibility has often led to trade union activity.
S6: Such pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy.
This sequence creates a logical flow, starting with globalisation's impact (S1), detailing how it promotes marketisation (R), giving a specific example of a related government policy (S), mentioning another related pressure (P), adding a further consequence (Q), and concluding by summarizing these as pressures shaping the 'new' political economy (S6).
Conclusion
Based on the logical connections between the sentences, the correct sequence of the jumbled sentences is RSPQ.
| Sequence | Sentence | Logical Connection |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | Intro: Globalisation & Enterprise Capitalism | Sets the context. |
| R | Globalisation promotes marketisation. | Follows S1 by stating a direct impact of globalisation. |
| S | Governments reduce taxes for investment. | Provides a specific way marketisation (from R) is promoted by governments. |
| P | Pressure on public spending/welfare. | Adds another pressure/policy area, often linked to the economic model discussed in S (tax cuts reducing revenue, or policy shift). "Also" links it to previous points. |
| Q | Need for flexibility & trade unions. | Adds a further consequence/pressure related to the economic changes. "Moreover" indicates adding another point similar to P. |
| S6 | These pressures shape political economy. | Summarizes the points in P and Q, linking them to the 'new' political economy. |
Revision Table: Key Links in Sentence Ordering
| From | To | Linking Element/Idea |
|---|---|---|
| S1 (Globalisation) | R (Marketisation) | Globalisation's impact on economic structure |
| R (Marketisation ways) | S (Tax reduction) | Specific government policy promoting marketisation/attracting investment |
| S (Tax reduction/Policy) | P (Pressure on public spending) | Consequence of policy choices (tax cuts) or related economic pressures ("also" suggests another point) |
| P (Spending pressure) | Q (Flexibility/Trade unions) | Another related economic pressure/consequence ("moreover" adds a similar point) |
| P & Q (Pressures) | S6 (Shape political economy) | S6 refers to "such pressures" mentioned in P and Q. |
Additional Information: Understanding Economic Concepts
The passage touches upon several important economic and political concepts relevant to understanding global trends:
- Economic Globalisation: This refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital, and wide and rapid spread of technologies. It influences economic policies and structures worldwide.
- Enterprise Capitalism: Often associated with the US model, this emphasizes minimal state intervention, free markets, entrepreneurial activity, and often lower taxes and welfare spending compared to other models (like social democracy).
- Marketisation: This is the process of transforming state-owned enterprises or public services into market-based operations. It involves introducing market principles, competition, and sometimes privatization. Globalisation often promotes marketisation by encouraging free trade and foreign investment, pushing countries to adopt market-friendly policies.
- Inward Investment: This is foreign direct investment (FDI) coming into a country. Governments often compete to attract FDI by offering incentives like tax reductions, deregulation, and infrastructure improvements, which aligns with marketisation principles.
- Political Economy: This field studies how political forces and economic systems influence each other. The 'new' political economy often refers to the shifts in state role, market influence, and social structures brought about by globalisation, marketisation, and the resulting pressures on areas like public spending and labour relations.
Understanding these terms helps in following the connections made in the passage about how globalisation leads to specific economic policies and outcomes that shape the political landscape.
Similar Questions
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Q: The widespread assumption has been that modernization means westernization.
R : Certainly, the balance of the world's economy shifted markedly but from the West to the East in this period.
S : However, the notion that there is distinctively East Asian political form is less familiar one.
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P : In its heyday, it stretched from send the river Krishna in the North to the extreme South of the peninsula.
Q : The empire was founded in the fourteenth century.
R : In 1565, the city was destroyed and subsequently deserted.
S : Although it fell into ruin in the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries, it lived on in the memories of people living in the Krishna-Tungabhadra Doab.)
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S1 : Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
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P : On 31 January, 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
Q : The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.
R : Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.
S : The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
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S1 : In agriculture, water is mainly used for irrigation.
S6 : Hence, it is difficult to practice agriculture without assured irrigation during dry seasons.
P : The large tracts of the country are deficient in rainfall and are drought prone.
Q : Winter and summer seasons are more or less dry in most part of the country.
R : Irrigation is needed because of spatio-temporal variability in rainfall in the country.
S: North-Western India and Deccan Plateau constitute such areas.
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S1 : Manipur has a long and glorious history from before the beginning of the Christian Era.
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P : Then, Manipur came under the British rule in 1891.
Q : The independence and sovereignty remained uninterrupted until the Burmese invasion and occupation for around seven years in the first quarter of the 19th century (1819-1826).
R : The political history of Manipur could be traced back to 33 AD with the coronation of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.
S : After Pakhangba, a number of kings ruled over the Kingdom of Manipur.
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S1: According to the legend it was during a famine in China many thousands of years ago that rice first came into the lives of the Asians.
S6: And the little girl gathered a harvest of rice.
P: The golden sunbeams dropped through the meshes and transformed themselves into golden grams.
Q: A little girl went fishing.
R: But instead of catching fish she netted the King of Frogs.
S: The King told her to hold out the net to the sunbeams while he sang a magic song.
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S1: Ramu was in a great hurry.
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Q: The examination was to begin in five minutes time.
R: He just rushed across the road.
S: So he forgot to look to the left or right as he always did.
The proper sequence should be
Important Questions from Para Jumbles
Rearrange the 4 disorganized sentences P, Q, R and S to form a meaningful paragraph.
P : cricket is a religion in India and
Q : most of the other sports suffer
R : due to the extra importance given to cricket as a game
S : it is known to all
Proper order is
A. PQSR
B. PSQR
C. QSPR
D. SPRQ
Rearrange the 4 disorganized sentences P, Q, R and S to form a meaningful paragraph.
P : is mostly produced in rural farms
Q : India is a leading producer of
R : milk is the most important of them and
S : dairy products by volume
Proper order is
A. SRPQ
B. QSPR
C. QPSR
D. QSRP
Rearrange the 4 disorganized sentences P, Q, R and S to form a meaningful paragraph.
P: mostly decided by the market conditions
Q: Sometimes, a United States dollar is worth only 12 pesos in Mexico
R: the rates of exchange between them vary from time to time
S: and some other time it can be 100 pesos
Proper order is -
A. PRSQ
B. QPRS
C. QSRP
D. QSPR
Directions: Given below are four jumbled sentences. Out of the given options select the one that gives their correct order.
A. Anush was very afraid of stray dogs.
B. Anush’s mother saw the dog chasing her son.
C. One evening, when a street dog barked at him, Anush turned and started running.
D. The dog ran after him barking loudly and fiercely.
Sentences of a paragraph are given below in jumbled order. Arrange the sentences in the right order to form a meaningful and coherent paragraph.
A. In arid regions it may form an almost erect shrub.
B. The grape is usually a woody vine, climbing by means of tendrils and often reaching a length of 17 metres or more.
C. Small greenish flowers, in clusters, precede the fruit, which varies in colour from almost black to green, red and amber.
D. The edible leaves are alternate, palmately lobed and always tooth-edged.
