Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India?
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), formed in 2001, ostensibly aims to strengthen mutual trust, promote cooperation in diverse fields (politics, trade, economy, science, culture, energy), and ensure regional peace and stability. It also seeks to establish a new, democratic, rational, and equitable international order.
Critically, while these official aims are broad, a deeper examination reveals certain underlying objectives and limitations. The SCO is often perceived as a geopolitical bloc primarily aimed at countering Western influence, particularly that of NATO and the US, in Central Asia and Eurasia, driven by Russia and China's strategic interests. Its security pillar, especially the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), heavily emphasizes combating terrorism, separatism, and extremism, reflecting a shared concern among members. However, economic cooperation, despite being a stated objective, often remains overshadowed by China's dominant Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the diverse economic structures of member states. Internal rivalries, such as between India and Pakistan, and differing strategic priorities among major players like China and Russia, can hinder consensus-based decision-making and comprehensive action.
For India, SCO holds significant multi-faceted importance. Firstly, it provides a crucial platform for regional security cooperation, particularly in combating cross-border terrorism, drug trafficking, and radicalization, which are direct threats. Secondly, it offers avenues for connectivity and energy security, facilitating dialogue on projects like INSTC and access to Central Asian energy resources. Thirdly, it's a vital forum for geopolitical balancing, allowing India to engage with Russia, China, and Central Asian states in a multilateral setting, diversifying its diplomatic engagements beyond Western alliances. While economic integration remains challenging, it presents potential for increased trade. Finally, it enables India to voice its concerns and interests on regional issues, such as the situation in Afghanistan.
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Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to "one nation one election" principle.
Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases?
"The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate.
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