Who took over the 'Eka Movement’ started by the Congress in Awadh during 1921-1922?
Madari Pasi
Understanding the Eka Movement and its Leadership in Awadh
The question asks about the leadership of the 'Eka Movement' in Awadh during the period 1921-1922, specifically focusing on who took over the movement after it began. This movement was a significant peasant uprising in the region.
Initially, the Eka Movement was linked to the wider Non-Cooperation Movement launched by the Congress. However, it gradually developed its own character and diverged from the methods and leadership approved by the Congress. The movement primarily involved peasants in areas of Awadh, protesting against high rents, oppression by landlords (taluqdars), and forced labour (begar).
As the movement gained momentum and evolved, it came under the leadership of local figures. The most prominent leader who took charge and gave the movement a new direction, distinct from the initial Congress involvement, was Madari Pasi. Under his leadership, the movement sometimes adopted more radical forms of protest, including ritualistic meetings where participants would take an oath (Eka means 'unity' or 'agreement') to not pay excessive rent, leave if they were evicted, and resist oppressive landlords.
Let's look at the options provided:
- Bhagwan Ahir: While there were many local leaders in peasant movements, Bhagwan Ahir is not primarily associated with taking over the main leadership of the Eka Movement.
- Madari Pasi: Madari Pasi was a peasant leader who became the prominent figurehead of the Eka Movement after it moved away from direct Congress control. He is widely recognized as the leader who shaped the movement in its later phase.
- Baba Ramchandra: Baba Ramchandra was a key leader of earlier peasant movements in Awadh, particularly from 1920 onwards, which also addressed issues like high rents and begar. However, the Eka Movement, which emerged slightly later (1921-1922), came under the leadership of Madari Pasi.
- Shah Naeem Ata: Shah Naeem Ata was also involved in peasant activities in the region but is not identified as the primary leader who took over the Eka Movement in the way Madari Pasi did.
Therefore, the individual who took over the leadership of the Eka Movement started by the Congress in Awadh during 1921-1922, after it gained independent momentum, was Madari Pasi.
| Movement/Period | Key Leaders | Primary Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Awadh Peasant Movement (circa 1920) | Baba Ramchandra | Against high rents, begar, landlord oppression |
| Eka Movement (1921-1922) | Madari Pasi, Paseos (peasants) | Against high rents (specifically > 50% excess), landlord demands |
Revision Table: Eka Movement in Awadh
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Period | 1921-1922 |
| Region | Awadh (specifically Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur, Barabanki) |
| Initial Connection | Non-Cooperation Movement (Congress) |
| Primary Issues | High rents, oppression by taluqdars, begar |
| Key Leader (Post-Congress divergence) | Madari Pasi |
| Nature of Movement | Peasant uprising, sometimes ritualistic oath-taking ('Eka'), later suppressed |
Additional Information on Peasant Movements in Awadh
Peasant discontent was high in Awadh in the early 20th century due to various factors related to tenancy, high rents, and the power of landlords. The Non-Cooperation Movement provided a catalyst for these grievances to surface in organized protests.
The Eka Movement was one such manifestation. While it initially aligned with the broader anti-government sentiment of the Non-Cooperation Movement, its focus remained firmly on agrarian issues. The movement saw participation from peasants across different castes and communities, although some sources indicate that lower-caste peasants (Paseos) were particularly active under Madari Pasi's leadership.
The movement's divergence from Congress was partly due to the Congress's emphasis on non-violence and its discomfort with some of the Eka Movement's tactics. The British authorities eventually suppressed the Eka Movement using force.
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