Give below are two statements: Statement I : Thermal pollution, usually effluent from cooling systems of power plants or other industries, alters water temperature in a lake or stream. Statement II : Humans also cause thermal pollution by altering vegetation cover and run-off patterns. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
Statement I correctly defines thermal pollution: heated effluent — usually cooling water discharged from the cooling systems of power plants or other industries — released into a lake or stream raises the ambient water temperature. Warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen and harms aquatic life, so this is a genuine form of pollution. Statement I is true.
Statement II is also true. Besides direct heated discharge, humans raise water temperature indirectly by altering vegetation cover (removing shade-giving trees along banks) and by changing run-off patterns (for example, warm run-off flowing over paved urban surfaces into water bodies). These land-use changes are recognised additional causes of thermal pollution.
Since both statements describe established, accurate mechanisms, both are true. Any option that denies either statement is wrong because each names a real cause of thermal pollution.
Takeaway: thermal pollution arises both from direct heated discharge and from human land-use changes like deforestation and altered run-off.
Correct answer: Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
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