Population growth in India is a complex phenomenon driven by an interplay of demographic and deeply embedded social factors. Demographically, the primary drivers have historically been a high birth rate coupled with a declining death rate, leading to a wide gap between the two. While the total fertility rate (TFR) has significantly decreased over the past few decades, India still has a large young population in the reproductive age group. This "population momentum" means that even if fertility rates drop to replacement levels, the population will continue to grow for several decades simply because a large cohort of young people will enter their reproductive years. Improved healthcare, sanitation, and disease control have drastically reduced infant mortality rates and increased life expectancy, further contributing to overall growth.

Social factors are intricately linked to these demographic trends. The son preference is a pervasive cultural norm, leading families to have more children in pursuit of a male heir, often resulting in larger family sizes. Early marriage and universal marriage are also significant, particularly in rural areas, extending the reproductive span of women. Low levels of female education and economic empowerment often correlate with higher fertility rates, as educated women tend to have better access to information about family planning and greater agency in reproductive decisions. Traditional beliefs and religious views sometimes influence family size, though their impact varies. Lack of awareness or access to family planning services, especially in remote regions or among marginalized communities, further contributes. While India is transitioning demographically, these social factors, though gradually changing, continue to exert influence on its population trajectory.