Define maternal mortality rate (MMR) and enumerate the causes of maternal mortality in India.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
Definition: Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a given period, usually a year. A maternal death occurs during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination, from causes related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, excluding accidental or incidental causes.
Causes of Maternal Mortality in India:
Direct Causes (majority):
- Hemorrhage: Postpartum, antepartum, or from ectopic pregnancy/abortion.
- Hypertensive Disorders: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
- Infections: Puerperal sepsis from unhygienic deliveries or unsafe abortions.
- Obstructed Labor: Prolonged labor leading to rupture or infection.
- Unsafe Abortion: Hemorrhage, infection, or uterine perforation.
- Embolism: Amniotic fluid or pulmonary embolism.
Indirect Causes:
- Anemia: Exacerbates hemorrhage risks.
- Cardiac Disease and other pre-existing conditions.
- Infections: Tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS worsened by pregnancy.
- Other medical conditions: Diabetes, renal disease, etc.
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