What was a major challenge for agriculture in the Chola kingdom apart from rocky land?
Irrigation water
The Chola kingdom (in present-day Tamil Nadu) had fertile but uneven terrain, and apart from rocky land the most significant agricultural challenge was the supply of irrigation water, since the region depended heavily on the monsoon and the seasonal flow of the Kaveri river.
To overcome this, the Cholas became renowned for their massive irrigation works — including the Grand Anicut (Kallanai) on the Kaveri (originally built by Karikala Chola), large temple tanks (eris), wells, and canals — which transformed the rice belt of the Kaveri delta into one of the most productive in medieval South India.
Lack of seeds, labour or pest infestation were not the principal recorded challenges to Chola agriculture; water management was.
Hence the correct answer is Irrigation water.
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