What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples.
A tsunami is a series of powerful ocean waves caused by large-scale disturbances of the ocean floor. The term "tsunami" is Japanese for "harbor wave."
Tsunamis are most commonly formed by underwater earthquakes, particularly those occurring at convergent plate boundaries where one tectonic plate is forced under another. The sudden vertical displacement of the seafloor displaces a massive volume of water, generating a series of waves that radiate outwards from the epicenter. Volcanic eruptions, underwater landslides, and meteorite impacts can also trigger tsunamis. The Pacific Ocean's "Ring of Fire," a region with a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanic activity, is the most common place for tsunamis to occur.
The consequences of a tsunami can be devastating. As the waves approach the coast and enter shallower water, they slow down and their height increases dramatically. This results in massive coastal flooding, causing immense destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, and environmental damage. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, triggered by a powerful earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, is a tragic example. It caused widespread devastation across 14 countries, claiming over 230,000 lives and leaving millions homeless.
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Important Questions from GS1
Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic period.
Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India.
How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the preservation of the balance of power?
How far was the Industrial Revolution in England responsible for the decline of handicrafts and cottage industries in India?
The groundwater potential of the Gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it affect the food security of India?
