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What are non-farm primary activities? How are these activities related to physiographic features in India? Discuss with suitable examples.

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CSE 2025 (Prelims) CSAT Official Paper (25-May-2025)

Non-farm primary activities are economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources but are not directly related to crop cultivation. These include mining, quarrying, fishing, and forestry. In India, the distribution and nature of these activities are closely linked to the country's diverse physiographic features.

The Peninsular Plateau, rich in mineral resources, is a hub for mining activities. For instance, the Chota Nagpur Plateau region is known for its vast deposits of coal, iron ore, and mica. The geology of this region, characterized by ancient crystalline rocks, makes it ideal for the extraction of these minerals.

The long coastline and numerous rivers provide ample opportunities for fishing. The coastal plains of states like Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat are major centers of marine fishing. The deltas of the Ganga and Brahmaputra are known for inland fishing. The presence of these water bodies is a direct consequence of the coastal and riverine physiography.

Forestry is another important non-farm primary activity, concentrated in the Himalayan region and the Western and Eastern Ghats. The dense forests in these areas provide timber, medicinal plants, and other forest products. The mountainous terrain and high rainfall in these regions support the growth of these forests.

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Important Questions from GS1

  1. Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic period. 

  2. Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India. 

  3. How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the preservation of the balance of power?

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