In the history of public health, as a part of modern medicine, the following four distinct phases can be demarcated: 1. 'Health for All' phase 2. Health promotional phase 3. Disease control phase 4. Social engineering phase Which one of the following represents the correct sequence of the phases in chronological order (from the oldest to the newest)?
3 → 2 → 4 → 1
The correct sequence is 3 → 2 → 4 → 1: disease control → health promotional → social engineering → 'Health for All'. The disease control phase (about 1880–1920) followed germ theory and stressed sanitation, water supply, drainage and epidemic control. The health promotional phase (about 1920–1960) brought personal health services, MCH, school health and the health centre concept (Bhore Committee). The social engineering phase (about 1960–1980) responded to rising chronic disease with risk-factor epidemiology and rehabilitation. The 'Health for All' phase began with the Alma-Ata Declaration, 1978 and primary health care.
Why the others are wrong: 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 puts 'Health for All' first, though Alma-Ata (1978) is the newest phase. 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 places disease control last, whereas sanitation-based control was earliest. 4 → 1 → 3 → 2 starts with social engineering and ends with health promotion, reversing the true order.
Key point: Anchor to landmarks — germ theory, Bhore Committee 1946, rise of NCDs, Alma-Ata 1978.
Important Questions from General Epidemiology
Poor hand hygiene of a mess worker in a university college mess led to Hepatitis A cases in the hostel inmates. What type of epidemic will this exposure present with?
1. Propagated
2. Common source-continuous exposure
3. Common source-point exposure
Select the correct answer using the code given below:- Which one of the following is NOT a function of Epidemiology?
- Predictive accuracy of a screening test depends on the following EXCEPT:
Which one of the following statements is NOT true for taking a decision on screening for disease?
- Standardized Mortality ratio is best explained by which one of the following statements?
