Discuss the complications of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD).
Complications of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) include both short- and long-term risks. Uterine perforation is rare but serious, usually occurring at insertion, sometimes leading to peritonitis. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) risk is slightly increased within 20 days of insertion, mainly due to bacterial introduction. Ectopic pregnancy, though overall reduced by IUCDs, occurs proportionally more if pregnancy develops with IUCD in situ. Expulsion can occur, often unnoticed, especially in the first year. Bleeding irregularities differ by type: copper IUCDs may cause heavy bleeding and cramps, hormonal IUCDs may cause spotting or amenorrhea. Other issues include pain, cramping, embedding, or difficult removal.
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