Define infertility. How will you investigate the tubal factors of female infertility?
Definition: Infertility is the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse, or after 6 months in women aged ≥35 years.
- Tubal Factor Evaluation: Tubal pathology contributes significantly to female infertility by blocking sperm-egg interaction or embryo transport.
- Hysterosalpingography (HSG): Initial test; radiopaque dye outlines uterine cavity and tubes on X-ray, detecting blockages or hydrosalpinx.
- Sonohysterography/HyCoSy: Uses ultrasound with saline or contrast to assess patency, avoiding radiation.
- Laparoscopy with Chromopertubation: Gold standard; direct visualization with dye spill, enabling diagnosis and treatment of adhesions or endometriosis.
- Selective Salpingography/Falloposcopy: Advanced methods for intraluminal assessment.
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