The question describes the breakdown of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃$) into calcium oxide (CaO$) and carbon dioxide (CO₂$) when subjected to heat.
This process is a decomposition reaction because a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.
The specific type of decomposition is determined by the energy source required for the reaction.
The chemical equation for this reaction is:
\text{CaCO}_3(s) \xrightarrow{\Delta} \text{CaO}(s) + \text{CO}_2(g)$
Other options are incorrect because:
Therefore, the decomposition of calcium carbonate on heating is a thermal decomposition reaction.
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