Write it in 150 words :- Coupling and repulsion phases of linkage
Genetic linkage occurs when genes are located close together on the same chromosome, causing them to be inherited together unless separated by crossing over during meiosis. The arrangement of alleles affects offspring types, described by coupling and repulsion. In coupling (cis configuration), dominant alleles of two genes, such as A and B, are on one chromosome, with recessive alleles (a and b) on the homologous chromosome (AB/ab). This produces mostly parental-type gametes and offspring (AB or ab). In repulsion (trans configuration), a dominant allele pairs with the recessive of the other gene (Ab/aB), resulting in more recombinant offspring (AB or ab). First observed by Bateson and Punnett, linkage explains deviations from classical Mendelian ratios. The closer two genes are, the less likely they are separated by crossing over, influencing inheritance patterns. Genetic linkage is crucial for understanding how traits are transmitted, constructing gene maps, and predicting offspring genotypes in both plants and animals.
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