In the 6th century BC, India witnessed the acceleration of two new religions – Jainism and Buddhism. The main reason for the rise of these religions was the religious unrest in the country. This anxiety was attributed to the rituals and sacrifices prescribed in the later Vedic period, which most of the people did not understand. The rise of Jainism in India was a mixture of these factors.

Jainism

The tradition of therein religion inherited the Tirthankaras (religious leaders). The first Tirthankar was Rishabha Dev. The 23rd Tirthankar is Parshavanath, who founded Jainism. According to the tradition of Jainism, time is infinite and consists of upward and downward movements. The Tirthankaras appeared one after another to show about the tactic of releasing the soul from the fabric entanglement of this world.

• The doctrine of Jainism is older than the doctrine of Buddhism
• Buddha and Mahaviras were contemporaries
• The word ‘Jaina’ means the follower of ‘Jina’ (victor)
• The other name of ‘Jina’ is ‘Tirthankara’ which means fort builder.
• Jainism has a conception of time consisting of six ‘Kalas.
• All the Tirthankaras have supposedly taught the same doctrine.
• The doctrine of Jainism insists that-

1. Reality is manifold (anekanta)
2. A being (Sat) consists of three aspects- substance (dravya), mode (paryaya), and quality (guna).

Vardhaman Mahavira

• Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankar in the tradition of that religion.
• He is considered the last Tirthankara.
• He was born in Kundagrama, near Vaisali, about 546 BC. He was born to Kshatriya parents named Siddhartha and Trisala.
• He was married to Yasoda and had a daughter named Anojja or Priyadarshan.
• He gave up this world at the age of 30, became ascetic, and wandered for twelve years.
• Over the years, he has also sacrificed himself.
• In the 13th year of asceticism, he defeated himself and gained the highest spiritual knowledge. This kind of knowledge is called Kevala Gnan.
• After that, he was called Mahavira, Kina, and Kaivarin.
• His followers were called the religion, which later became known as the Jainism religion. From this time to his death, he taught the doctrine for 30 years.
• He died at the age of 72 in Pava near Rajagriha (now in Patna District).

The causes for the emergence of Jainism

• Vedic religion has become highly ceremonial.
• It is taught in Pali and Prakli, to make it more understandable and accessible for ordinary people than Sanskrit.
• People of all castes can use it.
• The Varna system is rigid, and people of lower castes lead a miserable life. Whereas the believers of Jainism provide them with a glorious place.
• After about 200 years of Mahavira's death, a great famine within the Ganges Valley prompted king Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu (the last Acharya of the undivided Jain Sanga) to migrate to Karnataka. Since then, the faith spread to southern India.

Teachings of Mahavira

Mahavira rejected the Vedic principles. He didn't believe that God exists. According to him, the universe is the product of natural phenomena of causality. He believed in karma and soul migration- everyone will be punished or rewarded for their karma. He promoted a frugal and non-violent life. Unlike Buddhism, it emphasizes equality but does not reject the caste system. But he also said that according to his behavior, people may be "good" or "bad" rather than born. Asceticism took a long time. Explains hunger, nudity, and self-harm.

It also explains the two aspects of the world: Jiva (conscious) and Atma (unconscious):

• Right faith
• Right knowledge
• Right conduct (observance of five vows)
  1. Ahimsa (non-violence)
  2. Satya (truth)
  3. Asteya (no stealing)
  4. Parigraha (no acquiring property)
  5. Brahmacharya (abstinence)

Spreading of Jainism

Mahavira organizes the Sangha to spread his teachings, just like Buddhism. He accepted both men and women in the Sangha. The Sangha is composed of monks and believers. The rapid rise of Jainism is attributed to the dedication of the Sangha members, who caused the spread of the religion in western India and Karnataka. In that sect is supported by rulers, such as Chandragupta Maurya, Kalinga (Kharavela), and southern India dynasties, such as the Ganges, Kadamba ( Kadambas), Chalukyas, and Rashtrakutas.

Splitting of Jainism

The split in that religion occurred at the end of the fourth century BC. There was a severe famine within the Ganges Valley. Due to the famine, Bhadrabagu and Chandragupta Maurya led Jainism to Sravana Belgola in Karnataka. These were later called Digambars (sky-through or naked). They strictly abide by religious purposes. The monks who remained in northern India were led by Sthulbahu, who changed the monks' code of conduct. The sect became freer and began to wear white clothes. Therefore, they are called Swetambars (white coats).

Jain Councils

First council

• It was held at Pataliputra in the 3rd century BC.
• Presided by Sthulabahu.

Second Council

• It was held at Vallabhi in Gujarat in 512 CE.
• Presided by Devardhigani.
• 12 Angas was compiled here.

Dignified patrons of Jainism

South India

• Kadamba dynasty
• Ganga dynasty
• Amoghavarsha
• Kumarapala (Chalukya dynasty)

North India

• Bimbisara
• Ajatasatru
• Chandragupta Maurya
• Bindusara
• Harshavardhana
• Ama
• Bindusara
• Kharavela

FAQs 

Q1: What is Jainism, and when did it originate?

Q2: Who was Mahavira, and what role did he play in Jainism?

Q3: What are the key principles of Jainism?

Q4: What is the significance of the Tirthankaras in Jainism?

Q5: How does Jainism differ from Buddhism?

MCQs 

1. Who was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism?

A) Parshvanatha

B) Gautama Buddha

C) Mahavira

D) Rishabhanatha

2. Which principle is central to Jainism?

A) Violence

B) Non-violence (Ahimsa)

C) Material possession

D) Extreme luxury

3. What is the meaning of 'Tirthankara' in Jainism?

A) God

B) King

C) Teacher or ford-maker

D) Warrior

4. Which of the following is NOT a principle of Jainism?

A) Satya (Truth)

B) Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness)

C) Ahimsa (Non-violence)

D) Hedonism

5. What is the Jain concept of Moksha?

A) A cycle of rebirth

B) Eternal liberation from the cycle of birth and death

C) Material wealth

D) Political power

GS Mains Questions and Model Answers

Q1: Discuss the significance of Ahimsa (non-violence) in Jainism and its influence on Indian society.

Answer: Ahimsa, or non-violence, is the cornerstone of Jain philosophy and guides all aspects of life for its followers. By practicing non-violence in thought, word, and deed, Jains aim to minimize harm to all living beings. This principle has significantly influenced Indian society, shaping ethical and religious traditions and inspiring leaders like Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian independence movement. Jain teachings on Ahimsa promote vegetarianism, compassion, and peaceful coexistence, leaving a lasting impact on social norms and practices.

Q2: Compare and contrast the teachings of Jainism and Buddhism.

Answer: Jainism and Buddhism both emerged in India and share a focus on ethical conduct, meditation, and non-violence. However, Jainism emphasizes strict ascetic practices and a more rigorous approach to Ahimsa, often to the extent of avoiding harm to even microscopic organisms. Jainism believes in an eternal soul (Jiva) bound by karma, whereas Buddhism denies the permanent self and emphasizes detachment from desire and suffering. While Jainism practices severe self-discipline, Buddhism promotes the Middle Path, avoiding extremes of asceticism and indulgence.

Q3: How did Jainism contribute to art, architecture, and literature in India?

Answer: Jainism has made substantial contributions to Indian art, architecture, and literature. Jain temples, known for their intricate carvings and ornate designs, are architectural marvels, with examples like Dilwara Temples in Rajasthan. Jain literature, written in Prakrit, Sanskrit, and regional languages, encompasses religious texts, philosophical treatises, and poetry, contributing significantly to Indian literary heritage. Jain art, often depicting Tirthankaras in meditative poses, showcases a commitment to spiritual and artistic expression.

Previous Year Questions on Jainism

1. UPSC CSE 2018

Question: Explain the role of Mahavira in the spread and organization of Jainism.

Answer: Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, played a crucial role in revitalizing and organizing the religion during the 6th century BCE. He established the ethical and spiritual framework of Jainism, emphasizing strict adherence to non-violence, truth, celibacy, and non-possession. Mahavira traveled extensively, preaching the path of liberation and attracting followers from various backgrounds. His teachings led to the codification of Jain doctrines, laying the foundation for the community's organization and spreading its influence across India. His emphasis on ethical conduct and renunciation remains central to Jain philosophy today.

2. UPSC CSE 2020

Question: Discuss the relevance of Jain principles in contemporary Indian society.

Answer: Jain principles, particularly Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truth), and Aparigraha (non-possessiveness), remain highly relevant in contemporary Indian society. The emphasis on non-violence has influenced social and political leaders, notably Mahatma Gandhi, who adopted it as a principle for social reform and independence. Jain teachings on environmental conservation and ethical conduct resonate with modern values, promoting vegetarianism, compassion, and sustainable living. The relevance of these principles continues to guide ethical behavior, fostering social harmony and environmental responsibility.