Which parameter must be regulated by a charge controller to prevent battery
overcharging in a solar plant?
Voltage applied to battery terminals
In a solar photovoltaic plant the charge controller is placed between the panel array and the storage battery, and its core duty is to protect the battery from being overcharged, which would gas the electrolyte, overheat cells and shorten battery life.
A battery's state of charge is reflected directly by its terminal voltage, so the controller monitors and regulates the voltage applied to the battery terminals.
As the battery approaches its full-charge voltage the controller tapers, pulse-width-modulates or disconnects the charging current so the terminal voltage is not pushed beyond the safe limit.
Tilt angle is a mechanical mounting parameter fixed at installation and is not something an electronic controller adjusts during operation.
Solar irradiance is set by the sun and weather; the controller cannot regulate how much sunlight falls on the panels.
AC output frequency belongs to the inverter stage that follows the battery and has nothing to do with preventing overcharge.
Hence, the answer is the Voltage applied to battery terminals.
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