Which of the following explain the withdrawal of rural women from total labour force in India? (i) A large number of rural females are opting for education rather than joining the labour force in agriculture. (ii) With the rise in the level of income in rural India, rural females engaged in agriculture withdrawing from the labour force and getting engaged in domestic activities. (iii) Women are not adequately educated in rural areas.
(i) and (ii) only
Labour force surveys of the last two decades showed a steep fall in the participation of rural women in the workforce, which economists explained mainly through an education effect and an income effect.
Education effect: more rural girls and young women now stay in schools and colleges instead of joining farm work, so they leave the labour force for study. Income effect: as household incomes rise, families withdraw women from hard agricultural labour and they shift to domestic activities.
Low education of rural women does not explain a withdrawal; rising enrolment is in fact the reason, so the third statement does not fit.
Hence, (i) and (ii) only.
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