Understanding ISRO's Major Missions in 2023

The question asks to identify the major missions undertaken by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in the year 2023. Let's analyze the given options:

• Chandrayaan-3: This was ISRO's third lunar exploration mission. It was successfully launched on July 14, 2023, and its lander module successfully touched down on the Moon's south polar region on August 23, 2023. This was indeed a major mission for ISRO in 2023.
• Solar Mission Aditya-L1: This is ISRO's first dedicated space-based solar observatory mission. It was launched on September 2, 2023, aiming to study the Sun from a vantage point in space. This was also a significant mission for ISRO in 2023.
• Liquid fuel powered rockets: While ISRO utilizes liquid fuel engines (like the Vikas engine) for many of its rockets (e.g., GSLV, PSLV stages), this refers to a type of rocket propulsion technology, not a specific mission launched in 2023. ISRO uses both solid and liquid propellants.
• Solar powered rockets: Rockets used for launch typically rely on chemical propulsion (burning fuel and oxidizer). Solar energy is primarily used to power spacecraft systems and instruments once they are in orbit, not for the initial launch propulsion itself. Therefore, "solar powered rockets" is not an accurate description of a major ISRO mission category, especially not for launch vehicles.

Identifying Correct Missions

Based on the analysis:

• Chandrayaan-3 was a major mission in 2023.
• Aditya-L1 was a major mission launched in 2023.
• Liquid fuel rockets are a technology, not a specific 2023 mission.
• Solar powered rockets are not a standard type of launch vehicle mission.

Therefore, the correct identification of major ISRO missions in 2023 includes Chandrayaan-3 and the Solar Mission Aditya-L1.

This corresponds to the option stating "1 and 2 only".