Directions: Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider the most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the answer sheet accordingly. Objectives, ideology, programmes, leadership, and organisation are important _______ (1) of social movements. They are interdependent, _______ (2) each other. The objectives of the movement change from ________ (3) articular local issues to broad aims ________ (4) social transformation. Sometimes a movement which begins with broad objectives may in the process get ________ (5) with one or two particular issues. Ideology also _______ (6) change. It provides direction for evolving strategies and programmes; and also keeps the participants together by developing feelings of ‘we-ness’. Various strategies and programmes are evolved to _______ (7) the people. They _______ (8) the movement for a long period. Leadership ________ (9) initiates or emerges in the course of the growth of the movement plays a crucial role in _______ (10) ideology and objectives, evolving strategies and programmes and maintaining the spirit of the participant.
What would come in place of (2).
influencing’
Analyzing the Passage on Social Movements
The question asks us to find the most appropriate word to fill in blank (2) in the provided passage about social movements. The passage describes important elements of social movements and how they relate to each other.
Let's look at the sentence containing blank (2):
"They are interdependent, _______ (2) each other."
The previous sentence lists objectives, ideology, programmes, leadership, and organisation as "important _______ (1) of social movements." It states that "They" (these elements) "are interdependent".
Understanding 'Interdependent'
The word 'interdependent' means that two or more things are reliant upon each other. They influence, affect, or need each other to function or develop. In the context of a social movement, this means its various elements don't exist in isolation but are connected and affect how the other elements behave or change.
Evaluating the Options for Blank (2)
We need a word that describes how interdependent elements relate to one another. Let's examine the options:
- opposing: This suggests conflict or being against each other. If elements are interdependent, they are usually working together or affecting each other in a mutual way, not opposing.
- effecting: This means causing something to happen or bringing something about. While elements might *collectively* effect the movement's goals, the structure "effecting each other" is not grammatically standard for describing mutual influence.
- familiarising: This means making something known or understood. The elements themselves aren't making each other familiar; they are concepts or components of the movement.
- influencing: This means having an effect on the character, development, or behaviour of something. This perfectly describes how interdependent elements interact — they have effects on one another, shaping and changing each other within the social movement framework.
Based on the meaning of 'interdependent' and the context of how the elements of a social movement would interact, the word 'influencing' is the most suitable choice for blank (2).
The sentence would read: "They are interdependent, influencing each other." This makes logical sense, as the objectives influence the ideology, the ideology influences the programmes, leadership influences organisation, and so on, in a complex web of mutual effects.
Revision Table: Analyzing Options
| Option | Meaning | Fit in Sentence | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|---|
| opposing | Acting against | — | Interdependent elements typically support or affect each other, not oppose. |
| effecting | Bringing about / causing | — | ‘Effecting each other’ is not a standard phrase for mutual influence. |
| familiarising | Making known | — | Elements don't make each other familiar; they affect one another's nature or function. |
| influencing | Having an effect on | Yes | Interdependent elements logically have effects on one another's development or function. |
Additional Information on Social Movement Elements
Social movements are complex phenomena, and their success and trajectory depend heavily on how their core elements interact. The passage lists five crucial elements:
- Objectives: The goals the movement aims to achieve. These can evolve from specific issues to broader societal changes.
- Ideology: The set of beliefs, values, and ideas that guide the movement. It provides a framework for understanding the problem and the desired solution.
- Programmes: The planned activities, campaigns, and actions undertaken by the movement to achieve its objectives.
- Leadership: The individuals or groups who guide and direct the movement, often playing a key role in shaping ideology, strategies, and maintaining participant morale.
- Organisation: The structure, networks, and resources of the movement that facilitate collective action and coordination.
Understanding how these elements are interdependent — how changes in one area (e.g., leadership) can influence others (e.g., strategy or ideology) — is key to analyzing the dynamics of social movements.
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