Which of the following, according to Aristotle, will contribute for a communication's credibility?
A. Personal appearance
B. Peculiar mannerisms
C. Goodwill
D. Trustworthiness
E. Wisdom
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The phrase ‘public diplomacy’ reflects multiple viewpoints and ideas and hence, does not possess a unique, well-established conceptualization. Yet, in simple words public diplomacy is the influence of nation on foreign audiences. Public diplomacy may also be defined as ‘direct communication with foreign peoples, with the aim of affecting their thinking and ultimately, that of their governments’. Hence, public diplomacy can be thought of as a process of a nation listening and understanding the needs of other countries and communicating its viewpoint to eventually build relationships. Public diplomacy is based on the identity and reputation of a nation that is dictated by many factors: political, social, economic and cultural. Trust has been highlighted as the most important factor necessary to initiate a conversation, sustain a dialogue and build relationships.

The focus on developing relationships is also indicated in the definition of public diplomacy as ‘the process by which direct relations are pursued with a country’s people to advance the interests and extend the values of those being represented’. It is also highlighted that engagement and dialogue as key indicators of developing relationships in public diplomacy. “Effective public diplomacy is a two-way street with reciprocal influence on both the source and receiver involved in the ongoing communication process”. The ongoing communication process leads to developing lasting relationships with a foreign audience that bestows nations with soft power. Soft power is an advantage in world affairs and incites admiration and respect in other parts of the world. The soft power of a country is defined by three factors: its culture, political values and foreign policies. All these factors primarily rest on its ability to shape preference of others by using strategic communication skills. We must remember that public diplomacy is not a public relations campaign, but to create on enabling environment for government policies.

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For all the disagreement in the industry about the future of aviation, on one point : ‘There is going to be a lot more of it. The world’s air passengers flew a combined 7.64 trillion kilometers in 2017. By 2037, that will rise to 18.97 trillion kilometers, with about 40% of increase happening within five intra-regional markets : China, India, North America, Europe and South-east Asia. That is sparking a battle over the biggest bottleneck holding airports. The governments that still own many of them should be more open to privatisation to cover a $ 78 billion funding gap in needed capital investments. Airlines, airports’ biggest customers see things differently. Costs at privatised terminals are higher and governments should be cautious about such actions in the interests of expanding the aviation sector as a whole. Privatising an airport does not necessarily make it more efficient. A study has found there was little difference between the performance of airports 100% owned by commercially-oriented Government corporations and those majority controlled by private businesses. The key is instead to avoid the structures where the incentives for managers are confused or misaligned, such as where private companies are brought in as minority investors or where managers are swayed by political imperatives. There is a better solution out there, but it is not likely to be very attractive to incumbent airlines, airports, or passengers enamored of the current generation of gleaming terminals : build more, cheaper airports.

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We live in a word characterized by greater universal aspirations to full participation in the life of societies. What is more, in every society there is a constantly growing need to take full advantage of its reserves of intelligence, talent and energy. Here the need to improve the quality of education is emphasized. Clearly, any assessment of quality involves a value judgement that is coloured by what one expects of education. A good-quality education should meet three essential criteria: it should be democratic, it should be socially effective and it should be motivated by a humanism that does not allow it to be subordinated exclusively to the criterion of productivity. This calls for a critical appraisal of the highly debatable tendency to give priority to allegedly “practical” knowledge as opposed to mind-broadening subjects, topics for through, artistic expression or the philosophical approach. The link between education and work formed another theme which was frequently brought up. There is a grave concern regarding the wide discrepancies between education and employment.

UNESCO, for a long time now, has made a point of studying the interactions between education, work and employment as part of its action in the field of planning. It has to be said that it is very difficult to plan education strictly in accordance with employment forecasts, in view of the growing diversity of modern economies and the extremely repaid changes to which they are subject. It has been shown that greater flexibility in the structures and functioning of education provides the best guarantee against the danger that it will be ill-adapted to rapid change.

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Singapore has long advocated for playing its role as an integral part of India's region. It is gratifying to see how ASEAN-India relations have grown over the past 25 years. In 1991, when the Cold War ended and India began its economic liberalisation, Singapore saw an opportunity to deepen ties and build on its historical and cultural links with the Asian region. Singapore took the initiative to make India a full dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1995 and to include it in the EAS in 1995, and since then ASEAN-India relations have progressively strengthened. Altogether there are 30 mutual cooperation forums today, including seven ministerial dialogues and an annual summit of heads of state. Nevertheless, there is scope and need for still more cooperation. For example, there are ample opportunities to enhance physical and digital connectivity between India and ASEAN. ASEAN is committed to strengthening land, air and sea linkages with India. These linkages will boost people-to-people contact as well as trade, investment and tourism. The India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway will connect India's north-east to the main part of South-east Asia. Although air services are available today between India and several ASEAN countries, there is still much room to expand air links to support growing trade and tourism. As a new dimension of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, digital connectivity beyond physical connectivity has its own importance. India has made much progress in the field of innovation, start-ups and digital inclusion. There are opportunities to apply initiatives such as Aadhaar in our region. E-commerce and FinTech are two other areas of potential mutual partnership. As an economic hub, Singapore can serve as a springboard to launch these ideas to South-east Asia and beyond. India's role in ASEAN should be based on the growing economic relations with Singapore. An economic bloc of 16 countries with one-third of the world's GDP and trade will create an integrated Asian market.

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It is easy to see that there is nothing particularly unusual, or especially contrary to reason, for a person to choose to pursue a goal that is not exclusively confined to his or her own self-interest. As Adam Smith noted, we do have many different motivations, taking us well beyond the single minded pursuit of our interest. There is nothing contrary to reason in our willingness to do things that are not entirely self-serving. Some of these motivations, like ‘humanity, justice, generosity and public spirit’, may even be very productive for society, as Smith noted. There tends to be, however, more resistance to accepting the possibility that people may have good reasons even to go beyond the pursuit of their own goals. The argument runs: if you are consciously not pursuing what you think are your goals, then clearly those cannot be your goals. Indeed, many authors have taken the view that the claim that one can have reason not to be confined to the pursuit of one’s goals is ‘nonsensical’ since even strongly heterogeneous or altruistic agents cannot pursue other people’s goals without making their own. The point here is that in denying that rationality demands that you must act single-mindedly according to your own goals, you do not necessarily dedicate yourself to the promotion of others. We can reason our way towards following decent rules of behaviour that we see being fair to others as well. This can restrain the unique dominance of single-minded pursuit of our own goals. There is nothing particularly mysterious about our respect for sensible rules of conduct. This can qualify the pursuit of what we rightly-and reasonably-see as goals that we would in general like to advance. What we can say about your choice? There is no difficulty in understanding that you are not averse to helping your neighbour-or anyone else-pursue his or her well-being. But it so happens that you do not think that your neighbour’s well-being is, in fact, best advanced by his wasting time on playing a silly game. Your action is not corollary of any general pursuit of well-being.

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If India has to develop her internal strengths, the nation has to focus on the technological imperatives, keeping in mind three dynamic dimensions: the people, the overall economy and the strategic interests. These technological imperatives also take into account a ‘fourth’ dimension, time, an offshoot of modern day dynamism in business, trade, and technology that leads to continually shifting targets. We believe that technological strengths are especially crucial in dealing with this fourth dimension underlying continuous change in the aspirations of the people, the economy in the global context, and the strategic interests. The progress of technology lies at the heart of human history. Technological strengths are the key to creating more productive employment in an increasingly competitive market place and to continually upgrade human skills. Without a pervasive use of technologies, we cannot achieve overall development of our people in the years to come. The direct linkages of technology to the nation’s strategic strengths are becoming more and more clear, especially since 1990s. India’s own strength in a number of core areas still puts it in a position of reasonable strength in geo-political context. Any nation aspiring to become a developed one needs to have strengths in various strategic technologies and also the ability to continually upgrade them through its own creative strengths. For people-oriented actions as well, whether for the creation of large scale productive employment or for ensuring nutritional and health security for people, or for better living conditions, technology is the only vital input. The absence of greater technological impetus could lead to lower productivity and wastage of precious natural resources. Activities with low productivity or low value addition, in the final analysis hurt the poorest most. The technological imperatives to lift our people to a new life, and to a life they are entitled to is important. India, aspiring to become a major economic power in terms of trade and increase in GDP, cannot succeed on the strength of turnkey projects designed and built abroad or only through large-scale imports of plant machinery, equipment and know how. Even while being alive to the short-term realities, medium and long-term strategies to develop core technological strengths within our industry are vital for envisioning a developed India.

Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamities i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effects of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or flood-proof houses on stilts to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented. Adapting to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time-tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.

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The last great war, which nearly shook the foundations of the modern world, had little impact on Indian literature beyond aggravating the popular revulsion against violence and adding to the growing disillusionment with the ‘humane pretensions’ of the Western World. This was eloquently voiced in Tagore’s later poems and his last testament, Crisis in Civilisation. The Indian intelligentsia was in a state of moral dilemma. On the one hand, it could not help sympathising with England’s dogged courage in the hour of peril, with the Russians fighting with their backs to the wall against the ruthless Nazi hordes, and with China groaning under the heel of Japanese militarism; on the other hand, their own country was practically under military occupation of their own soil, and an Indian army under Subhas Bose was trying from the opposite camp to liberate their country. No creative impulse could issue from such confusion of loyalties. One would imagine that the achievement of Indian independence in 1947, which came in the wake of the Allies’ victory and was followed by the collapse of colonialism in the neighbouring countries of South-East Asia, would have released an upsurge of creative energy. No doubt it did, but unfortunately it was soon submerged in the great agony of partition, with its inhuman slaughter of the innocents and the uprooting of millions of people from their homeland, followed by the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi. These tragedies, along with Pakistan’s invasion of Kashmir and its later atrocities in Bangladesh, did indeed provoke a poignant writing, particularly in the languages of the regions most affected, Bengali, Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. But poignant or passionate writing does not by itself make great literature. What reserves of enthusiasm and confidence survived these disasters have been mainly absorbed in the task of national reconstruction and economic development. Great literature has always emerged out of chains of convulsions. Indian literature is richer today in volume, range and variety than it ever was in the past.