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Question

The recent developments in Indian Politics has not eroded the true spirit of federalism in India. Critically examine this statement with the help of appropriate examples.

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CSE 2025 (Prelims) CSAT Official Paper (25-May-2025)

The Indian Constitution establishes a quasi-federal system, balancing central authority with state autonomy. Recent developments have raised debates on whether this balance has eroded the spirit of federalism.

Critics point to centralizing tendencies such as the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu & Kashmir (2019), frequent use of Article 356, and growing role of centrally sponsored schemes that reduce state fiscal independence. These developments suggest a tilt towards unitary control.

At the same time, cooperative federalism remains resilient. The GST Council, though debated, institutionalizes intergovernmental negotiation. States actively shape national policies through coalition politics, inter-state councils, and judicial interventions. For example, Supreme Court verdicts on issues like Delhi’s governance (2023) reinforced state rights.

Thus, while centralization pressures exist, federalism’s adaptability allows states to assert themselves through constitutional and political mechanisms. The spirit of federalism has faced stress, but not erosion, as it continues to evolve within India’s democratic framework.

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