The process(es) and/or intermediate(s) through which the following transformation proceeds is/are
The given transformation involves the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol in an acidic medium. Let’s analyze the intermediates and mechanisms involved in this transformation:

Protonation: The first step involves the protonation of the double bond by \( \text{H}^+ \) from the acidic medium, leading to the formation of a more stable carbocation intermediate.
This carbocation is tertiary, because the positively charged carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms.
1,2-Methide Shift: A 1,2-methide shift occurs where a methyl group with its electrons migrates from one carbon to the adjacent carbocation-bearing carbon, stabilizing it further. This step rearranges the structure to form a more stable non-classical ion.
Non-Classical Carbocation: The intermediate formed can be a non-classical carbocation, which is a bridged carbocation that shares positive charge over multiple centers, providing additional stabilization.
Nucleophilic Attack: Water, a nucleophile, attacks the carbocation, leading to the formation of the alcohol after deprotonation.
The correct intermediates and processes involved in this transformation are:
These steps demonstrate the mechanistic pathway of converting the given alkene to the corresponding alcohol in acidic conditions.
Consider the following two reactions and their corresponding Hammett plots

Choose the option(s) that correctly match(es) the points on the graph given in Column-I with substituents X given in Column-II in accordance with their substituents constant $\sigma$
| Column-I (points on the graph) | Column-II (substituent X) |
| p | $NH_2$ |
| q | $NO_2$ |
| r | $OMe$ |
| s | $Cl$ |
| t | $Me$ |
| u | $CN$ |
The major product formed in the reaction given below is

The product formed in the following reaction is

The most stable vanadium species in aqueous medium is