The Bharatiya Nyaya Samhita (BNS), 2023, consolidates and amends provisions related to which branch of law?
Criminal Substantive Law
In 2023 Parliament enacted three new criminal laws to replace the colonial-era statutes. They came into force on 1 July 2024:
(i) The Bharatiya Nyaya Samhita (BNS), 2023 — replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860. This is the substantive criminal law defining offences and prescribing punishments.
(ii) The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 — replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. This is the procedural criminal law.
(iii) The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 — replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. This is the evidence law.
The BNS therefore deals with criminal substantive law, not civil procedure, evidence, or contract law.
Hence, the correct answer is Criminal Substantive Law.
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